Bhutan: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 4,700,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 3,195,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 67.98% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 413,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 12.93% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 8.79% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 611,000 |
Bhutan : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 69% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 31% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 0% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Bhutan: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 413,000 | 12.9% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 2,529,000 | 79.2% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | 251,000 | 7.9% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 2,000 | 0.1% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | 0.0% |
Bhutan: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 3,035,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 3,141,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 3,195,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 10,600 | 0.35% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 10,800 | 0.34% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 160,000 | 5.27% | | Change in rate (%) | -1.55% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 413,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 413,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 413,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 566,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 609,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 611,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 4,300 | 0.76% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 400 | 0.07% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 45,000 | 7.95% | | Change in rate (%) | -91.35% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 1,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 1,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 2,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 200 | 20.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 1,000 | 100.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 3,600,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 3,749,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 3,804,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 14,900 | 0.41% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 11,000 | 0.29% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 204,000 | 5.67% | | Change in rate (%) | -29.11% |
Bhutan: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 413,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 98,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 511,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 10.87% |
Bhutan: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 15.9% | | Protection (%) | 45.8% | | Conservation (%) | 27.2% | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | - | | None of Unknown (%) | 11.1% |
Bhutan: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 0.25% | | Insects (ha) | 0.00% | | Diseases (ha) | 0.00% | | Other (ha) | - |
Bhutan: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 0 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 0 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 29.6% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 17.05% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 8.09% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.48% |
Bhutan: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 2 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 1 | | Birds | | total species | 625 | | endemic species | 5 | | threatened species | 18 | | Mammals | | total species | 92 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 21 | | Reptiles | | total species | 29 | | endemic species | 2 | | threatened species | 0 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 748 | | endemic species | 8 | | threatened species | 40 |
Bhutan: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 44.40% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 63.50% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 105 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 1 | | Endangered | 2 | | Vulnerable | 4 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 5468 | | Number endemic | 75 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 7 |
Bhutan: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 503 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 187 | | Dead wood (M t) | 76 | | Total (M t) | 766 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 251 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 94 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 38 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | 70 | | Soil carbon (M t) | 223 | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | 5,700 | | 2000-2005 | 5,800 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 1.22 | | 2000-2005 | 1.18 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 207 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 70 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 277 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | n.s. | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | 303 | | Fodder (t) | 166,361 | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | 107 | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | 19 | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | 9,894 | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | 48 | | Other plant products (t) | 98 | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | 0 | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | 1 | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $6,383,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $21,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | $27,000 | | Total value (US$) | $6,431,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $2 | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 4,000 |
Bhutan : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 4,348 | | Imports | - | | Exports | - | | Consumption | 4,348 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 134 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 134 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 31 | | Imports | - | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 31 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 32 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 32 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 1 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 1 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 0 |
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Bhutan: Environment
| Environment - current issues | soil erosion; limited access to potable water | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea | | Natural hazards | violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season |
Bhutan: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 3.09%
permanent crops: 0.43%
other: 96.48% (2001) | | Natural resources | timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate |
Bhutan: Economy
| Economy - overview: | The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. | | GDP - per capita | $1,400 (2003 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.3% (2003 est.) | | Agriculture - products | rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 45%, industry: 10%, services: 45% (2002 est.) | | Industries | cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide | | Economic aid - recipient | substantial aid from India and other nations | | Debt - external | $245 million (2000) | | Population below poverty line (%) | NA | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5% |
Bhutan: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 2,232,291 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 2.11% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 47.5 | | Percent rural (2003) | 91.5% | | Median age (years) | total: 20.27 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 4.81 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15% |
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Bhutan: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 25,200 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 22,000 (2005) | | Roadways (km) | total: 8,050 km
paved: 4,991 km
unpaved: 3,059 km (2003) |
Bhutan: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 54.39 years
male: 54.65 years
female: 54.11 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 100.44 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Bhutan
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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