Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 5,073,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 2,185,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 43.07% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 2,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 0.09% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 0.04% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 549,000 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 19% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 81% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 2,000 | 0.1% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 1,184,000 | 54.2% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | 857,000 | 39.2% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 142,000 | 6.5% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 2,210,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 2,185,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 2,185,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (2,500) | -0.11% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (25,000) | -1.13% | | Change in rate (%) | -100.00% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | - | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 2,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 2,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 500,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 549,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 549,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 4,900 | 0.98% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 49,000 | 9.80% | | Change in rate (%) | -100.00% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | - | | Other 2000 (ha) | 142,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 142,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 2,710,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 2,592,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 2,592,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (11,800) | -0.44% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (118,000) | -4.35% | | Change in rate (%) | -100.00% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 2,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 2,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.04% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 78.6% | | Private (%) | 21.4% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 84.0% | | Private (%) | 16.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 56.1% | | Protection (%) | - | | Conservation (%) | - | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | - | | None of Unknown (%) | 43.9% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 0.55% | | Insects (ha) | 0.46% | | Diseases (ha) | 0.05% | | Other (ha) | 0.05% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 1 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 0 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 0.5% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 0.34% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.19% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.01% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 8 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 1 | | Birds | | total species | 312 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 8 | | Mammals | | total species | 78 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 8 | | Reptiles | | total species | 27 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 1 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 425 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 18 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 82.10% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 91.90% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 97 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 1 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 1 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 275 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 76 | | Dead wood (M t) | - | | Total (M t) | - | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 138 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 38 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | - | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | 6,700 | | 2000-2005 | 6,600 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 3.22 | | 2000-2005 | 3.02 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 2,993 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 1,146 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 4,139 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | 1 | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | - | | Wood fuel (US$) | - | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | - | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $- | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 12,000 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 1,150 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 1,150 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 3,076 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 3,076 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 310 | | Imports | 21 | | Exports | 226 | | Consumption | 105 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 34 | | Imports | 31 | | Exports | 15 | | Consumption | 50 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 2 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 14 | | Exports | 3 | | Consumption | 11 |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environment
| Environment - current issues | air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 13.6%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 83.44% (2001) | | Natural resources | coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, forests, hydropower |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia was saddled with a host of industrial firms with little commercial potential. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-05. National-level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems. The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance. | | GDP - per capita | $6,800 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.2% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 14.2%, industry: 30.8%, services: 55% (2002) | | Industries | steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining (2001) | | Economic aid - recipient | $650 million (2001 est.) | | Debt - external | $3.1 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 25% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 4,025,476 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.44% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 78.7 | | Percent rural (2003) | 55.7% | | Median age (years) | total: 36.21 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.71 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000) |
Largest Cities in Bosnia
Cities and urban areas in Bosnia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Sarajevo | Bosnia | 434000 | 434000 |
| Banja Luka | Bosnia | 179200 | 179200 |
| Tuzla | Bosnia | 111900 | 111900 |
| Zenica | Bosnia | 104900 | 104900 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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