Brunei Darussalam

52.8% —or about 278,000 hectares—of Brunei Darussalam is forested. Of this, 100.0% —or roughly 278,000 hectares—is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest.

Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Brunei Darussalam lost an average of 2,500 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 0.80%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change decreased by 13.1% to 0.69% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Brunei Darussalam lost 11.2% of its forest cover, or around 35,000 hectares. Brunei Darussalam lost -35,000 hectares—0—of its primary forest cover during that time. Deforestation rates of primary cover have decreased 11.2% since the close of the 1990s. Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion (defined as change in forest area plus change in woodland area minus net plantation expansion) for the 1990-2005 interval, Brunei Darussalam lost 3.7% of its forest and woodland habitat.

Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Brunei Darussalam has some 644 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 1.7% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 6.7% are threatened. Brunei Darussalam is home to at least 6000 species of vascular plants, of which 0.1% are endemic. 23.9% of Brunei Darussalam is protected under IUCN categories I-V.

SECTIONS:

Forest Cover | Forest types | Breakdown of forest types | Change in Forest Cover | Primary forest | Forest designation | Disturbances affecting forest land | Protected areas | Biodiversity - Wildlife | Biodiversity - Plants | Value of forests | Production, trade and consumption of forest products | Environment | Land use / Resources | Economy | Population / Demographics | Infrastructure | Health | References | Books

Books

Brunei Darussalam: Forest Cover, 2005 Total Land Area (ha) 527,000 Total Forest Area (ha) 278,000 Percent Forest Cover 52.75% Primary Forest Cover (ha) 278,000 Primary Forest, % total forest 100.00% Primary Forest, % total land 52.75% Other wooded land (ha) 160,000 Brunei Darussalam : Forest types Tropical (% forest area) 100% Subtropical (% forest area) 0% Temperate (% forest area) 0% Boreal/polar (% forest area) 0% Brunei Darussalam: Breakdown of forest types, 2005 Primary forest (ha | %) 278,000 100.0% Modified natural (ha | %) - - Semi-natural (ha | %) - - Production plantation (ha | %) - - Production plantation (ha | %) - - Brunei Darussalam: Change in Forest Cover TOTAL FOREST COVER Forest 1990 (ha) 313,000 Forest 2000 (ha) 288,000 Forest 2005 (ha) 278,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (2,500) -0.80% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (2,000) -0.69% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (35,000) -11.18% Change in rate (%) -13.06% PRIMARY FOREST COVER Primary 1990 (ha) 313,000 Primary 2000 (ha) 288,000 Primary 2005 (ha) 278,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (2,500) -0.80% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (2,000) -0.69% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (35,000) -11.18% Change in rate (%) -13.06% OTHER WOODED LAND Other 1990 (ha) 142,000 Other 2000 (ha) 155,000 Other 2005 (ha) 160,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) 1,300 0.92% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) 1,000 0.65% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) 18,000 12.68% Change in rate (%) -29.53% PLANTATIONS Other 1990 (ha) - Other 2000 (ha) - Other 2005 (ha) - Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) - - Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) - - Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) - - Change in rate (%) - TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations Other 1990 (ha) 455,000 Other 2000 (ha) 443,000 Other 2005 (ha) 438,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (1,200) -0.26% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (1,000) -0.23% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (17,000) -3.74% Change in rate (%) -14.41% Brunei Darussalam: Primary Primary or "old-growth" vegetation Primary Forest 2005 (ha) 278,000 Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) - Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) 278,000 Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) 52.75% Brunei Darussalam: Forest designation Ownership of forest land, 2000 Public (%) 100.0% Private (%) 0.0% Other (%) - Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 Public (%) 94.8% Private (%) 5.2% Other (%) - Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 Production (%) 62.6% Protection (%) 6.8% Conservation (%) 29.1% Social Services (%) 1.4% Multiple Services (%) - None of Unknown (%) - Brunei Darussalam: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000 Forest Area annually affected by Fire (%) - Insects (ha) - Diseases (ha) - Other (ha) - Brunei Darussalam: Protected areas Protected areas Biosphere reserves, 2005 Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 0 World Heritage sites, 2004 0 Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land 23.9% Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land 23.52% Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 0.33% Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 32.31% Brunei Darussalam: Biodiversity - Wildlife Amphibians total species 4 endemic species 0 threatened species 3 Birds total species 455 endemic species 11 threatened species 25 Mammals total species 112 endemic species 0 threatened species 11 Reptiles total species 73 endemic species 0 threatened species 4 Wildlife diversity total species 644 endemic species 11 threatened species 43 Brunei Darussalam: Biodiversity - Plants Growing stock composition 3 most common species % of total growing stock - Growing stock composition 3 most common species % of total growing stock - Number of Native tree species Native tree species 2,000 Number of tree species in IUCN red list Critically Endangered 37 Endangered 24 Vulnerable 31 Vascular Plant Species, 2004 Total 6000 Number endemic 7 Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 Species threatened 99 Brunei Darussalam: Value of forests Biomass stock in forest, 2005 Above-ground biomass (M t) 63 Below-ground biomass (M t) 15 Dead wood (M t) 9 Total (M t) 87 Carbon stock in forest, 2005 Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) 32 Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) 8 Carbon in dead wood (M t) 4 Carbon in litter (M t) 6 Soil carbon (M t) - Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) 1990-2000 -547 2000-2005 -438 Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) 1990-2000 n.s. 2000-2005 n.s. Wood removal 2005 Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) 100 Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) n.s. Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) 100 Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) n.s. Plant products 2005 Food (t) - Fodder (t) - Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) - Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) - Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) - Ornamental plants (t) - Exudates (t) - Other plant products (t) - Animal products 2005 Living animals (units) - Hides, skins and trophies (units) - Wild honey and bee-wax (t) - Bush meat (t) - Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) - Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) - Other edible animal products (t) - Other non-edible animal products (t) - Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 Industrial roundwood (US$) $3,160,000 Wood fuel (US$) $2,000 Non-wood forest products (US$) - Total value (US$) $3,162,000 Total value ($USD/ha) $11 Employment in forestry 2000 Total people employed 1,000 Brunei Darussalam : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002 Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 12 Imports 0 Exports 0 Consumption 12 Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 217 Imports 0 Exports 1 Consumption 216 Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 90 Imports 0 Exports 0 Consumption 90 Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production - Imports 1 Exports 0 Consumption 1 Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 Production - Imports 0 Exports - Consumption 0 Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 Production - Imports 2 Exports 0 Consumption 2 [an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] Brunei Darussalam: Population / Demographics Percent rural (2003) 23.8% [an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] [an error occurred while processing this directive] Brunei Darussalam : References & Data Sources  Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005  Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)  Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.  Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.  RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.  World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site  The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species  Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund  With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com