Myanmar: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 65,755,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 32,222,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 49.00% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | - | | Primary Forest, % total forest | - | | Primary Forest, % total land | - | | Other wooded land (ha) | 10,834,000 |
Myanmar : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 99% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 1% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 0% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Myanmar: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | - | - | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 31,373,000 | 97.4% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | - | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 696,000 | 2.2% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 153,000 | 0.5% |
Myanmar: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 39,219,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 34,554,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 32,222,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (466,500) | -1.19% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (466,400) | -1.35% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (6,997,000) | -17.84% | | Change in rate (%) | 13.48% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | - | | Primary 2000 (ha) | - | | Primary 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | - | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | - | | Change in rate (%) | - | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 10,219,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 10,629,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 10,834,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 41,000 | 0.40% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 41,000 | 0.39% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 615,000 | 6.02% | | Change in rate (%) | -3.86% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 394,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 696,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 849,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 30,200 | 7.66% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 30,600 | 4.40% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 455,000 | 115.48% | | Change in rate (%) | -42.64% | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 49,044,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 44,487,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 42,207,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (455,700) | -0.93% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (456,000) | -1.03% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (6,837,000) | -13.94% | | Change in rate (%) | 10.32% |
Myanmar: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | - | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.00% |
Myanmar: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 77.0% | | Protection (%) | 4.7% | | Conservation (%) | 15.2% | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | 3.2% | | None of Unknown (%) | - |
Myanmar: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 18.81% | | Insects (ha) | - | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Myanmar: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 1 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 0 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 0.3% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 0.24% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.02% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 4.95% |
Myanmar: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 89 | | endemic species | 15 | | threatened species | 0 | | Birds | | total species | 1047 | | endemic species | 24 | | threatened species | 41 | | Mammals | | total species | 288 | | endemic species | 4 | | threatened species | 39 | | Reptiles | | total species | 285 | | endemic species | 37 | | threatened species | 20 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 1709 | | endemic species | 80 | | threatened species | 100 |
Myanmar: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 11.20% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 19.50% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 2,000 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 13 | | Endangered | 12 | | Vulnerable | 12 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 7000 | | Number endemic | 1071 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 38 |
Myanmar: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 5,109 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 1,226 | | Dead wood (M t) | 697 | | Total (M t) | 7,032 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 2,555 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 613 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 348 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | 68 | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -9,200 | | 2000-2005 | -14,200 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 0.73 | | 2000-2005 | 0.74 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 3,880 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 39,180 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 43,060 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | 2 | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | 0 | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | 3,000 | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | 1,496,000 | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | 0 | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | 1,000 | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $838,479,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $51,415,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | $11,761,000 | | Total value (US$) | $901,655,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $28 | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 101,000 |
Myanmar : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 35,403 | | Imports | - | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 35,403 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 5,539 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 877 | | Consumption | 4,662 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 381 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 269 | | Consumption | 112 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 20 | | Imports | 4 | | Exports | 79 | | Consumption | 0 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 47 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 47 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 42 | | Imports | 52 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 94 |
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Burma: Environment
| Environment - current issues | deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts |
Burma: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 15.19%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 83.84% (2001) | | Natural resources | petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower |
Burma: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Burma is a resource-rich country that suffers from government controls, inefficient economic policies, and abject rural poverty. The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism", but those efforts stalled and some of the liberalization measures were rescinded. Burma has been unable to achieve monetary or fiscal stability, resulting in an economy that suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including inflation, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, and a distorted interest rate regime. Most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 legislative elections. Economic sanctions against Burma by the United States - including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons in response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy - further slowed the inflow of foreign exchange. Oil and gas development will drive growth in the next few years. Other areas, however, are struggling. In February 2003, a major banking crisis hit the country's 20 private banks, shutting them down and disrupting the economy. As of December 2005, the largest private banks remained moribund, leaving the private sector with little formal access to credit. Official statistics are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be one to two times the size of the official economy. Burma's trade with Thailand, China, and India is rising. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, a better investment climate and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign investment, exports, and tourism. | | GDP - per capita | $1,800 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 1.5% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 54.6%, industry: 13%, services: 32.4% (2005 est.) | | Industries | agricultural processing; knit and woven apparel; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; cement; natural gas | | Economic aid - recipient | $127 million (2001 est.) | | Debt - external | $6.967 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 25% (2000 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 70%, industry 7%, services 23% (2001 est.) |
Burma: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 42,909,464 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.42% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 65.2 | | Median age (years) | total: 26.14 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 2.01 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5% |
Largest Cities in Myanmar
Cities and urban areas in Myanmar with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Yangon | Myanmar (Burma) | 4016000 | 4016000 |
| Mandalay | Myanmar (Burma) | 1057600 | 1057600 |
| Mawlamyine | Myanmar (Burma) | 367500 | 367500 |
| Bago | Myanmar (Burma) | 228100 | 228100 |
| Pathein | Myanmar (Burma) | 219700 | 219700 |
| Monywa | Myanmar (Burma) | 165500 | 165500 |
| Akyab | Myanmar (Burma) | 164400 | 164400 |
| Taunggyi | Myanmar (Burma) | 157100 | 157100 |
| Meiktila | Myanmar (Burma) | 154900 | 154900 |
| Mergui | Myanmar (Burma) | 146500 | 146500 |
| Lashio | Myanmar (Burma) | 128500 | 128500 |
| Pyay | Myanmar (Burma) | 126300 | 126300 |
| Henzada | Myanmar (Burma) | 125000 | 125000 |
| Myingyan | Myanmar (Burma) | 123700 | 123700 |
| Dawei | Myanmar (Burma) | 115600 | 115600 |
| Pakokku | Myanmar (Burma) | 113200 | 113200 |
| Thaton | Myanmar (Burma) | 103200 | 103200 |
| Maymyo | Myanmar (Burma) | 102400 | 102400 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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