Indonesia

48.9% —or about 88,495,000 hectares—of Indonesia is forested. Of this, 55.0% —or roughly 48,702,000 hectares—is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest.

Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Indonesia lost an average of 1,871,500 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 1.61%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change increased by 19.1% to 1.91% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Indonesia lost 24.1% of its forest cover, or around 28,072,000 hectares. Indonesia lost -21,717,000 hectares—0—of its primary forest cover during that time. Deforestation rates of primary cover have decreased 30.8% since the close of the 1990s. Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion (defined as change in forest area plus change in woodland area minus net plantation expansion) for the 1990-2005 interval, Indonesia lost 25.6% of its forest and woodland habitat.

Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Indonesia has some 3305 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 31.1% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 9.9% are threatened. Indonesia is home to at least 29375 species of vascular plants, of which 59.6% are endemic. 4.5% of Indonesia is protected under IUCN categories I-V.

Indonesia Environmental profile | Indonesia pictures

SECTIONS:

Forest Cover | Forest types | Breakdown of forest types | Change in Forest Cover | Primary forest | Forest designation | Disturbances affecting forest land | Protected areas | Biodiversity - Wildlife | Biodiversity - Plants | Value of forests | Production, trade and consumption of forest products | Environment | Land use / Resources | Economy | Population / Demographics | Infrastructure | Health | References | Books

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Indonesia: Forest Cover, 2005 Total Land Area (ha) 181,157,000 Total Forest Area (ha) 88,495,000 Percent Forest Cover 48.85% Primary Forest Cover (ha) 48,702,000 Primary Forest, % total forest 55.03% Primary Forest, % total land 26.88% Other wooded land (ha) - Indonesia : Forest types Tropical (% forest area) 100% Subtropical (% forest area) 0% Temperate (% forest area) 0% Boreal/polar (% forest area) 0% Indonesia: Breakdown of forest types, 2005 Primary forest (ha | %) 48,702,000 55.0% Modified natural (ha | %) - - Semi-natural (ha | %) 36,394,000 41.1% Production plantation (ha | %) 3,399,000 3.8% Production plantation (ha | %) - - Indonesia: Change in Forest Cover TOTAL FOREST COVER Forest 1990 (ha) 116,567,000 Forest 2000 (ha) 97,852,000 Forest 2005 (ha) 88,495,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (1,871,500) -1.61% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (1,871,400) -1.91% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (28,072,000) -24.08% Change in rate (%) 19.12% PRIMARY FOREST COVER Primary 1990 (ha) 70,419,000 Primary 2000 (ha) 55,941,000 Primary 2005 (ha) 48,702,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (1,447,800) -2.06% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (1,447,800) -2.59% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (21,717,000) -30.84% Change in rate (%) 25.88% OTHER WOODED LAND Other 1990 (ha) - Other 2000 (ha) - Other 2005 (ha) - Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) - - Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) - - Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) - - Change in rate (%) - PLANTATIONS Other 1990 (ha) 2,209,000 Other 2000 (ha) 3,002,000 Other 2005 (ha) 3,399,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) 79,300 3.59% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) 79,400 2.64% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) 1,190,000 53.87% Change in rate (%) -26.32% TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations Other 1990 (ha) 114,358,000 Other 2000 (ha) 94,850,000 Other 2005 (ha) 85,096,000 Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) (1,950,800) -1.71% Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) (1,950,800) -2.06% Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) (29,262,000) -25.59% Change in rate (%) 20.57% Indonesia: Primary Primary or "old-growth" vegetation Primary Forest 2005 (ha) 48,702,000 Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) - Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) 48,702,000 Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) 26.88% Indonesia: Forest designation Ownership of forest land, 2000 Public (%) 100.0% Private (%) 0.0% Other (%) 0.0% Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 Public (%) - Private (%) - Other (%) - Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 Production (%) 53.9% Protection (%) 27.5% Conservation (%) 18.6% Social Services (%) - Multiple Services (%) - None of Unknown (%) - Indonesia: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000 Forest Area annually affected by Fire (%) 0.12% Insects (ha) 0.00% Diseases (ha) 0.00% Other (ha) 0.00% Indonesia: Protected areas 6 Protected areas Biosphere reserves, 2005 Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 2 World Heritage sites, 2004 6 Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land 4.5% Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land 2.98% Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 1.54% Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 9.13% Indonesia: Biodiversity - Wildlife Amphibians total species 285 endemic species 143 threatened species 33 Birds total species 1604 endemic species 443 threatened species 121 Mammals total species 667 endemic species 216 threatened species 146 Reptiles total species 749 endemic species 227 threatened species 28 Wildlife diversity total species 3305 endemic species 1029 threatened species 328 Indonesia: Biodiversity - Plants Growing stock composition 3 most common species % of total growing stock 19.90% Growing stock composition 3 most common species % of total growing stock 26.80% Number of Native tree species Native tree species - Number of tree species in IUCN red list Critically Endangered 122 Endangered 57 Vulnerable 76 Vascular Plant Species, 2004 Total 29375 Number endemic 17500 Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 Species threatened 383 Indonesia: Value of forests Biomass stock in forest, 2005 Above-ground biomass (M t) 8,867 Below-ground biomass (M t) 2,926 Dead wood (M t) 1,297 Total (M t) 13,090 Carbon stock in forest, 2005 Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) 4,434 Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) 1,463 Carbon in dead wood (M t) 649 Carbon in litter (M t) 179 Soil carbon (M t) - Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) 1990-2000 -542,000 2000-2005 -561,200 Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) 1990-2000 -3.33 2000-2005 -4.61 Wood removal 2005 Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) 11,178 Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) 79 Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) 11,257 Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) n.s. Plant products 2005 Food (t) - Fodder (t) - Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) - Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) - Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) - Ornamental plants (t) - Exudates (t) - Other plant products (t) - Animal products 2005 Living animals (units) - Hides, skins and trophies (units) - Wild honey and bee-wax (t) - Bush meat (t) - Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) - Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) - Other edible animal products (t) - Other non-edible animal products (t) - Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 Industrial roundwood (US$) $2,159,679,000 Wood fuel (US$) - Non-wood forest products (US$) - Total value (US$) $2,159,679,000 Total value ($USD/ha) $24 Employment in forestry 2000 Total people employed 162,000 Indonesia : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002 Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 82,556 Imports 0 Exports 1 Consumption 82,555 Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 32,997 Imports 180 Exports 502 Consumption 32,675 Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 6,500 Imports 144 Exports 2,016 Consumption 4,628 Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 Production 12,635 Imports 129 Exports 5,997 Consumption 6,767 Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 Production 5,587 Imports 599 Exports 2,244 Consumption 3,942 Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 Production 6,995 Imports 262 Exports 2,348 Consumption 4,909 Indonesia: Environment Environment - current issues deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation Natural hazards occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires Indonesia: Land use / Resources Land use (%) arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001) Natural resources petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver Indonesia: Economy Economy - overview: Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with high unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2004 because of declining production and lack of new exploration investment. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes will dampen growth prospects in 2006. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. In late December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami took 131,000 lives with another 37,000 missing, left some 570,000 displaced persons, and caused an estimated $4.5 billion in damages and losses. Terrorist incidents in 2005 have slowed tourist arrivals. Indonesia experienced several human cases of avian influenza in late 2005, sparking concerns of a pandemic. GDP - per capita $3,700 (2005 est.) GDP - real growth rate (%) 5.3% (2005 est.) Agriculture - products rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs GDP - composition by sector (%) agriculture: 15.1%, industry: 44.5%, services: 40.4% (2005 est.) Industries petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism Economic aid - recipient $43 billion Debt - external $140.6 billion (2005 est.) Population below poverty line (%) 15.2% (2004) Labor force - by occupation (%) agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) Indonesia: Population / Demographics Population (July 2005) 241,973,879 Population growth rate (%) (2005) 1.45% Population density (people/sq km) (2005) 132.5 Percent rural (2003) 54.4% Median age (years) total: 26.48 years Total fertility rate (children born/woman) 2.44 (2005 est.) Ethnic groups (%) Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% Largest Cities in Indonesia Cities and urban areas in Indonesia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002. City Country City Population Urban Area Population Jakarta Indonesia 10810400 17369200 Bandung Indonesia 2884300 3828700 Surabaya Indonesia 2729300 3677900 Medan Indonesia 2059300 2972700 Palembang Indonesia 1462300 1580000 Ujung Pandang Indonesia 1170200 1254800 Semarang Indonesia 1134700 1322300 Bogor Indonesia 761300 761300 Malang Indonesia 742700 921100 Bandar Lampung Indonesia 727400 1122900 Padang Indonesia 586400 808500 Samarinda Indonesia 585900 600800 Pekan Baru Indonesia 572100 572100 Banjarmasin Indonesia 548900 548900 Surakarta Indonesia 533900 857300 Depok Indonesia 510600 510600 Balikpapan Indonesia 496700 496700 Pontianak Indonesia 493200 493200 Denpasar Indonesia 491500 933500 Jambi Indonesia 431100 431100 Yogyakarta Indonesia 417900 840400 Manado Indonesia 395100 395100 Mataram Indonesia 330800 1081400 Cirebon Indonesia 319500 926100 Kediri Indonesia 270900 270900 Bengkulu Indonesia 270500 270500 Ambon Indonesia 262200 262200 Banda Aceh Indonesia 253700 253700 Tasikmalaya Indonesia 251300 251300 Pekalongan Indonesia 249200 249200 Tegal Indonesia 238100 784400 Jember Indonesia 231800 231800 Pematang Siantar Indonesia 231400 231400 Cilacap Indonesia 218400 218400 Purwokerto Indonesia 213600 213600 Karawang Indonesia 202800 202800 Madiun Indonesia 181900 181900 Palu Indonesia 180000 180000 Serang Indonesia 171200 171200 Kendari Indonesia 170200 170200 Cilegon Indonesia 163500 163500 Bitung Indonesia 161000 161000 Cianjur Indonesia 159800 159800 Batam Indonesia 155500 155500 Palangka Raya Indonesia 154600 154600 Jaya Pura Indonesia 153400 153400 Sukabumi Indonesia 152700 152700 Pasuruan Indonesia 148400 148400 Kupang Indonesia 148300 148300 Probolinggo Indonesia 146000 146000 Gorontalo Indonesia 140400 140400 Sorong Indonesia 140000 140000 Tebingtinggi Indonesia 139400 139400 Purwakarta Indonesia 134100 134100 Garut Indonesia 133900 133900 Lhokseumawe Indonesia 133100 133100 Pangkal Pinang Indonesia 128800 128800 Magelang Indonesia 127200 127200 Blitar Indonesia 127100 127100 Martapura Indonesia 126100 126100 Tarakan Indonesia 122600 122600 Tanjung Pinang Indonesia 122100 122100 Dumai Indonesia 109800 109800 Pemalang Indonesia 109300 109300 Klaten Indonesia 109000 109000 Bontang Indonesia 108500 108500 Salatiga Indonesia 106500 106500 Kuningan Indonesia 105700 105700 Padang Sidempuan Indonesia 103400 103400 Mojokerto Indonesia 102500 102500 Subang Indonesia 102100 102100 Ternate Indonesia 102100 102100 Metro Indonesia 101900 101900 Cibadak Indonesia 101300 101300 Kudus Indonesia 100500 100500  Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005  Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)  Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.  Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.  RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.  World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site  The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species  Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund  With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com