Kazakhstan: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 269,970,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 3,337,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 1.24% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | - | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 0.00% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 0.00% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 15,622,000 |
Kazakhstan : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 83% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 17% |
Kazakhstan: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 2,428,000 | 72.8% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 909,000 | 27.2% |
Kazakhstan: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 3,422,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 3,365,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 3,337,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (5,700) | -0.17% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (5,600) | -0.17% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (85,000) | -2.48% | | Change in rate (%) | -0.09% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | - | | Primary 2000 (ha) | - | | Primary 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 13,049,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 14,765,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 15,622,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 171,600 | 1.32% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 171,400 | 1.16% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 2,573,000 | 19.72% | | Change in rate (%) | -11.73% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 1,034,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 1,056,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 909,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 2,200 | 0.21% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (29,400) | -2.78% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (125,000) | -12.09% | | Change in rate (%) | -1408.52% | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 15,437,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 17,074,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 18,050,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 163,700 | 1.06% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 195,200 | 1.14% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 2,613,000 | 16.93% | | Change in rate (%) | 7.81% |
Kazakhstan: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.00% |
Kazakhstan: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 0.0% | | Protection (%) | 0.0% | | Conservation (%) | 15.9% | | Social Services (%) | 12.8% | | Multiple Services (%) | 71.3% | | None of Unknown (%) | 0.0% |
Kazakhstan: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 5.35% | | Insects (ha) | - | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Kazakhstan: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 2 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 1 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 2.9% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 0.61% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 2.23% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Kazakhstan: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 15 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 1 | | Birds | | total species | 497 | | endemic species | 7 | | threatened species | 23 | | Mammals | | total species | 145 | | endemic species | 6 | | threatened species | 15 | | Reptiles | | total species | 51 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 2 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 708 | | endemic species | 13 | | threatened species | 41 |
Kazakhstan: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 67.00% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 99.30% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | - | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 1 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 6000 | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 1 |
Kazakhstan: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 211 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 63 | | Dead wood (M t) | 38 | | Total (M t) | 312 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 105 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 31 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 19 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -215 | | 2000-2005 | 38 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 0.12 | | 2000-2005 | 0.19 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | - | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | - | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | - | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | - | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | - | | Wood fuel (US$) | - | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | - | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $- | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | - |
Kazakhstan : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 0 | | Imports | 1 | | Exports | 13 | | Consumption | 0 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 0 | | Imports | 75 | | Exports | 546 | | Consumption | 0 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 224 | | Imports | 482 | | Exports | 357 | | Consumption | 349 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 33 | | Imports | 147 | | Exports | 1 | | Consumption | 179 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 2 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 23 | | Imports | 54 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 77 |
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Kazakhstan: Environment
| Environment - current issues | radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | | Natural hazards | earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty |
Kazakhstan: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001) | | Natural resources | major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium |
Kazakhstan: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and more than 9% per year in 2002-05 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. The opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. Kazakhstan also has begun work on an ambitious cooperative construction effort with China to build an oil pipeline that will extend from the country's Caspian coast eastward to the Chinese border. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by developing light industry. The policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions continue. Upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2005 due to massive oil-related foreign-exchange inflows. | | GDP - per capita | $8,700 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 9% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 7.8%, industry: 40.4%, services: 51.8% (2005 est.) | | Industries | oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials | | Economic aid - recipient | $74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004) | | Debt - external | $32.7 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 19% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.) |
Kazakhstan: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 15,185,844 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.30% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 5.7 | | Percent rural (2003) | 44.2% | | Median age (years) | total: 28.52 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.89 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census) |
Largest Cities in Kazakhstan
Cities and urban areas in Kazakhstan with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Almaty | Kazakhstan | 1066300 | 1199100 |
| Karaganda | Kazakhstan | 412500 | 412500 |
| Chimkent | Kazakhstan | 340000 | 340000 |
| Taraz (Dzhambul) | Kazakhstan | 311700 | 311700 |
| Pavlodar | Kazakhstan | 299800 | 299800 |
| Astana | Kazakhstan | 293800 | 293800 |
| Oskemen | Kazakhstan | 293600 | 293600 |
| Semey (Semipalatinsk) | Kazakhstan | 254500 | 254500 |
| Aqtobe | Kazakhstan | 239000 | 239000 |
| Qostanay | Kazakhstan | 223400 | 223400 |
| Petropavl | Kazakhstan | 202600 | 202600 |
| Oral | Kazakhstan | 184500 | 184500 |
| Temirtau | Kazakhstan | 161000 | 161000 |
| Akmechet (Kyzyl-Orda) | Kazakhstan | 152100 | 152100 |
| Aqtau | Kazakhstan | 135400 | 135400 |
| Atyrau | Kazakhstan | 134500 | 134500 |
| Ekibastuz | Kazakhstan | 126900 | 126900 |
| Koksetau | Kazakhstan | 122800 | 122800 |
| Rudni | Kazakhstan | 110500 | 110500 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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