Mongolia: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 156,650,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 10,252,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 6.54% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 4,733,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 46.17% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 3.02% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 2,388,000 |
Mongolia : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 100% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Mongolia: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 4,733,000 | 46.2% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 5,407,000 | 52.7% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | - | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 112,000 | 1.1% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | - |
Mongolia: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 11,492,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 10,665,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 10,252,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (82,700) | -0.72% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (82,600) | -0.77% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (1,240,000) | -10.79% | | Change in rate (%) | 7.62% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 5,540,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 4,923,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 4,733,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (61,700) | -1.11% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (38,000) | -0.77% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (807,000) | -14.57% | | Change in rate (%) | -30.69% | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 6,264,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 3,034,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 2,388,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (323,000) | -5.16% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (129,200) | -4.26% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (3,876,000) | -61.88% | | Change in rate (%) | -17.42% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 30,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 75,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 112,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 4,500 | 15.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 7,400 | 9.87% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 82,000 | 273.33% | | Change in rate (%) | -34.22% | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 17,726,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 13,624,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 12,528,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (410,200) | -2.31% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (219,200) | -1.61% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (5,198,000) | -29.32% | | Change in rate (%) | -30.47% |
Mongolia: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 4,733,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 1,102,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 5,835,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 3.72% |
Mongolia: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 8.9% | | Protection (%) | 44.0% | | Conservation (%) | 46.2% | | Social Services (%) | 0.9% | | Multiple Services (%) | - | | None of Unknown (%) | - |
Mongolia: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 3.92% | | Insects (ha) | 26.24% | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Mongolia: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | 4 | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 11 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 1 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 13.5% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 12.16% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 1.24% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.51% |
Mongolia: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 8 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 0 | | Birds | | total species | 387 | | endemic species | 8 | | threatened species | 22 | | Mammals | | total species | 140 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 13 | | Reptiles | | total species | 23 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 0 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 558 | | endemic species | 9 | | threatened species | 35 |
Mongolia: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 93.40% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 100.00% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | - | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 0 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 2823 | | Number endemic | 229 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 0 |
Mongolia: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 870 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 278 | | Dead wood (M t) | 230 | | Total (M t) | 1,378 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 435 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 139 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 115 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | -10,800 | | 2000-2005 | -10,800 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | n.s. | | 2000-2005 | n.s. | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 37 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 411 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 448 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | n.s. | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $67,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $247,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | $314,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $n.s. | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | - |
Mongolia : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 186 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 186 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 445 | | Imports | 7 | | Exports | 1 | | Consumption | 451 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 300 | | Imports | 2 | | Exports | 3 | | Consumption | 299 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 2 | | Imports | 4 | | Exports | 1 | | Consumption | 5 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 0 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 5 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 5 |
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Mongolia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions |
Mongolia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 0.77%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.23% (2001) | | Natural resources | oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron |
Mongolia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits. Copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000, 2001, and 2002 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth averaged about 5% from 2002 to 2005, largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily impacted by its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia's chief export partner and a main source of the "shadow" or "grey" economy. The World Bank and other international financial institutions estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the official economy. The actual size of this grey - largely cash - economy is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad both legally and illegally constitute a sizeable portion. Money laundering is growing as an accompanying concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt with Russia at the end of 2003 on favorable terms. Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, seeks to expand its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and trade regimes. | | GDP - per capita | $2,200 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.5% according to official estimate (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 20.6%, industry: 21.4%, services: 58% (2003 est.) | | Industries | construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing | | Economic aid - recipient | $215 million (2003) | | Debt - external | $1.36 billion (2004) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 36.1% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | herding/agriculture 42%, mining 4%, manufacturing 6%, trade 14%, services 29%, public sector 5%, other 3.7% (2003) |
Mongolia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 2,791,272 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.45% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 1.8 | | Percent rural (2003) | 43.3% | | Median age (years) | total: 24.28 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 2.26 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000) |
Largest Cities in Mongolia
Cities and urban areas in Mongolia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Ulaanbaatar | Mongolia | 762200 | 762200 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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