Serbia and Montenegro: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 10,200,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 2,694,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 26.41% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 4,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 0.15% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 0.04% | | Other wooded land (ha) | 808,000 |
Serbia and Montenegro : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 16% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 84% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 4,000 | 0.1% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 115,000 | 4.3% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | 2,536,000 | 94.1% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | 39,000 | 1.4% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | 0.0% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 2,559,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 2,649,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 2,694,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 9,000 | 0.35% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 9,000 | 0.34% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 135,000 | 5.28% | | Change in rate (%) | -3.40% | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 4,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 4,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 4,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | 820,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 812,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 808,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | (800) | -0.10% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | (800) | -0.10% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | (12,000) | -1.46% | | Change in rate (%) | 0.99% | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | 39,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 39,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 39,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 3,340,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 3,422,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 3,463,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | 8,200 | 0.25% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | 8,200 | 0.24% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | 123,000 | 3.68% | | Change in rate (%) | -2.40% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 4,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 4,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.04% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 54.0% | | Private (%) | 46.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 73.0% | | Private (%) | 27.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | - | | Protection (%) | - | | Conservation (%) | - | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | - | | None of Unknown (%) | - |
Serbia and Montenegro: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | 0.30% | | Insects (ha) | 1.13% | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | 0.04% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | 2 | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 5 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 4 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 3.2% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 1.42% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 1.78% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Serbia and Montenegro: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 10 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 1 | | Birds | | total species | 381 | | endemic species | 2 | | threatened species | 10 | | Mammals | | total species | 96 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 10 | | Reptiles | | total species | 35 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 1 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 522 | | endemic species | 2 | | threatened species | 22 |
Serbia and Montenegro: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 50.40% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 65.40% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 48 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 0 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | 4082 | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 1 |
Serbia and Montenegro: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 242 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 70 | | Dead wood (M t) | 44 | | Total (M t) | 356 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 121 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 35 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 22 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | - | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | 3,600 | | 2000-2005 | 3,800 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | 1 | | 2000-2005 | 1.02 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 1,301 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 1,299 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 2,600 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | 1 | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | 0 | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | 0 | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $50,739,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $19,485,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | $70,224,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $26 | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 10,000 |
Serbia and Montenegro : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 1,650 | | Imports | 18 | | Exports | 2 | | Consumption | 1,666 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 1,286 | | Imports | 23 | | Exports | 54 | | Consumption | 1,255 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 432 | | Imports | 362 | | Exports | 188 | | Consumption | 606 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 60 | | Imports | 161 | | Exports | 20 | | Consumption | 201 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 154 | | Imports | 15 | | Exports | 28 | | Consumption | 141 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | 254 | | Imports | 69 | | Exports | 12 | | Consumption | 311 |
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Serbia and Montenegro: Environment
| Environment - current issues | pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes |
Serbia and Montenegro: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 33.35%
permanent crops: 3.2%
other: 63.45% (2001) | | Natural resources | oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, hydropower, arable land |
Serbia and Montenegro: Economy
| Economy - overview: | MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001 - it wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London Club of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over half the total owed, in July 2004. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based system, and is largely dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the European Union and Kosovo's local provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help Kosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal uncertainty over property rights, scarcity of foreign-investment and a substantial foreign trade deficit are holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political economic problem for this entire region. | | GDP - per capita | $2,600 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 4% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 16.6%, industry: 25.5%, services: 57.9% (2005 est.) | | Industries | machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals | | Economic aid - recipient | $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years) | | Debt - external | $15.43 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 30% (1999 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA |
Serbia and Montenegro: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 10,829,175 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.03% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 106.0 | | Percent rural (2003) | 48.0% | | Median age (years) | total: 36.79 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.67 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991) |
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Serbia and Montenegro: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 2,611,700 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 3,634,600 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 45,290 km
paved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of expressways)
unpaved: 17,029 km (2002) |
Serbia and Montenegro: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 74.73 years
male: 72.15 years
female: 77.51 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 12.89 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.2% (2001 est.) |
Serbia and Montenegro
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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