Turkmenistan: Forest Cover, 2005
| Total Land Area (ha) | 46,993,000 | | Total Forest Area (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Percent Forest Cover | 8.78% | | Primary Forest Cover (ha) | 104,000 | | Primary Forest, % total forest | 2.52% | | Primary Forest, % total land | 0.22% | | Other wooded land (ha) | - |
Turkmenistan : Forest types
| Tropical (% forest area) | 0% | | Subtropical (% forest area) | 4% | | Temperate (% forest area) | 96% | | Boreal/polar (% forest area) | 0% |
Turkmenistan: Breakdown of forest types, 2005
| Primary forest (ha | %) | 104,000 | 2.5% | | Modified natural (ha | %) | 4,023,000 | 97.5% | | Semi-natural (ha | %) | - | - | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | 0.0% | | Production plantation (ha | %) | - | - |
Turkmenistan: Change in Forest Cover
| TOTAL FOREST COVER | | Forest 1990 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Forest 2000 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Forest 2005 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | PRIMARY FOREST COVER | | Primary 1990 (ha) | 104,000 | | Primary 2000 (ha) | 104,000 | | Primary 2005 (ha) | 104,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | OTHER WOODED LAND | | Other 1990 (ha) | - | | Other 2000 (ha) | - | | Other 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | | PLANTATIONS | | Other 1990 (ha) | - | | Other 2000 (ha) | - | | Other 2005 (ha) | - | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | #DIV/0! | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! | TOTAL DEGRADATION/CONSERVSION
Forest area+Wooded Area-Plantations | | Other 1990 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Other 2000 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Other 2005 (ha) | 4,127,000 | | Annual Change 1990-2000 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Annual Change 2000-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Total Change 1990-2005 (ha | %) | - | 0.00% | | Change in rate (%) | #DIV/0! |
Turkmenistan: Primary
| Primary or "old-growth" vegetation | | Primary Forest 2005 (ha) | 104,000 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 0 | | Other primary wooded land 2005 (ha) | 104,000 | | Undisturbed vegetation 2005 (% land area) | 0.22% |
Turkmenistan: Forest designation
| Ownership of forest land, 2000 | | Public (%) | 100.0% | | Private (%) | 0.0% | | Other (%) | 0.0% | | Ownership of other wooded land, 2000 | | Public (%) | - | | Private (%) | - | | Other (%) | - | | Designated functions of forest � primary function 2005 | | Production (%) | 0.0% | | Protection (%) | 97.5% | | Conservation (%) | 2.5% | | Social Services (%) | - | | Multiple Services (%) | 0.0% | | None of Unknown (%) | 0.0% |
Turkmenistan: Disturbances affecting forest land 2000
| Forest Area annually affected by | | Fire (%) | - | | Insects (ha) | - | | Diseases (ha) | - | | Other (ha) | - |
Turkmenistan: Protected areas
| Protected areas | | Biosphere reserves, 2005 | 1 | Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar sites), 2005 | 1 | | World Heritage sites, 2004 | 1 | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories I-V, percent of total land | 4.0% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories Ia, Ib, and II, extent, percent of total land | 1.68% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories III, IV, and V, percent of total land, 2004 | 2.18% | | Protected Areas: IUCN categories VI and other, percent of total land, 2004 | 0.00% |
Turkmenistan: Biodiversity - Wildlife
| Amphibians | | total species | 7 | | endemic species | 0 | | threatened species | 0 | | Birds | | total species | 318 | | endemic species | 3 | | threatened species | 13 | | Mammals | | total species | 103 | | endemic species | 1 | | threatened species | 12 | | Reptiles | | total species | 97 | | endemic species | 2 | | threatened species | 2 | | Wildlife diversity | | total species | 525 | | endemic species | 6 | | threatened species | 27 |
Turkmenistan: Biodiversity - Plants
| Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 77.10% | | Growing stock composition | 3 most common species
% of total growing stock | 79.70% | | Number of Native tree species | | | Native tree species | 47 | | Number of tree species in IUCN red list | | Critically Endangered | | 0 | | Endangered | 0 | | Vulnerable | 0 | | Vascular Plant Species, 2004 | | Total | | | Number endemic | 0 | | Number of Threatened Plant Species, 2004 | | Species threatened | 0 |
Turkmenistan: Value of forests
| Biomass stock in forest, 2005 | | Above-ground biomass (M t) | 17 | | Below-ground biomass (M t) | 17 | | Dead wood (M t) | 5 | | Total (M t) | 40 | | Carbon stock in forest, 2005 | | Carbon in above-ground biomass (M t) | 9 | | Carbon in below-ground biomass (M t) | 9 | | Carbon in dead wood (M t) | 2 | | Carbon in litter (M t) | - | | Soil carbon (M t) | 79 | | Change in growing stock 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate (1000 cubic m/yr) | | 1990-2000 | 10 | | 2000-2005 | 100 | | Growing stock per hectare 1990 - 2005 | | Annual change rate ( cubic m/ha per yr) | | 1990-2000 | n.s. | | 2000-2005 | 0.02 | | Wood removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (1000 cubic m) | 0 | | Wood fuel (1000 cubic m) | 10 | | Total wood removal 2005 (1000 cubic m) | 10 | | Total wood removal 2005 (% of growing stock) | n.s. | | Plant products 2005 | | Food (t) | - | | Fodder (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction (t) | - | | Ornamental plants (t) | - | | Exudates (t) | - | | Other plant products (t) | - | | Animal products 2005 | | Living animals (units) | - | | Hides, skins and trophies (units) | - | | Wild honey and bee-wax (t) | - | | Bush meat (t) | - | | Raw material for medicine and aromatic products (t) | - | | Raw material for colorants and dyes (t) | - | | Other edible animal products (t) | - | | Other non-edible animal products (t) | - | | Value of wood and non-wood forest product removal 2005 | | Industrial roundwood (US$) | $0,000 | | Wood fuel (US$) | $12,000 | | Non-wood forest products (US$) | - | | Total value (US$) | $12,000 | | Total value ($USD/ha) | $n.s. | | Employment in forestry 2000 | | Total people employed | 2,000 |
Turkmenistan : Production, trade and consumption of forest products, 2002
| Woodfuel ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 0 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 0 | | Industrial roundwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | 0 | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 0 | | Sawnwood ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 24 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 24 | | Wood-based panels ('000 cubic m), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 3 | | Exports | 1 | | Consumption | 2 | | Pulp for paper ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 0 | | Exports | - | | Consumption | 0 | | Paper and paperboard ('000 metric tons), 2002 | | Production | - | | Imports | 1 | | Exports | 0 | | Consumption | 1 |
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Turkmenistan: Environment
| Environment - current issues | contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | NA |
Turkmenistan: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 3.72%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.14% (2001) | | Natural resources | petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt |
Turkmenistan: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's tenth-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years have led to an almost 50% decline in cotton exports. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In 1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by 20% to 30% per year in 2003-2005, largely because of higher international oil and gas prices. In 2005 Ashgabat sought to raise natural gas export prices to its main customers, Russia and Ukraine, from $44 per thousand cubic meters (tcm) to $66 per tcm. Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, the burden of foreign debt, the government's irrational use of oil and gas revenues, and its unwillingness to adopt market-oriented reforms. Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. | | GDP - per capita | $5,900 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | IMF estimate: 7% | | Agriculture - products | cotton, grain; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 26.9%, industry: 39.5%, services: 33.6% (2005 est.) | | Industries | natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing | | Economic aid - recipient | $16 million from the US (2001) | | Debt - external | $2.4 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 58% (2003 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 48.2%, industry 13.8%, services 37% (2003 est.) |
Turkmenistan: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 4,952,081 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.81% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 10.1 | | Percent rural (2003) | 54.7% | | Median age (years) | total: 21.56 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 3.41 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003) |
Largest Cities in Turkm�nistan
Cities and urban areas in Turkmenistan with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Ashqabat | Turkm�nistan | 696900 | 696900 |
| Turkmenabat | Turkm�nistan | 234700 | 234700 |
| Dashkovuz | Turkm�nistan | 184400 | 184400 |
| Mary | Turkm�nistan | 125300 | 125300 |
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) and the State of the World�s Forests (2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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