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Bangladesh
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
11.1% or about 1,442,000 ha of Bangladesh is forested, according to FAO. Of this 30.2% ( 436,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Bangladesh had 237,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Bangladesh lost an average of 2,600 ha or 0.17% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Bangladesh lost 3.5% of its forest cover, or around 52,000 ha.
Bangladesh's forests contain 80 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Bangladesh has some 871 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 1.1% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 7.5% are threatened. Bangladesh is home to at least 5000 species of vascular plants. 0.0% of Bangladesh is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 5 | 2 | 2 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 251 | 148 | 138 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 73 | 42 | 39 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 324 | 190 | 177 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 70 | 94 | 96 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Bangladesh Environmental profile
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Bangladesh
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Bangladesh: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 13017 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 1442 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 11 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 436 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 30 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 289 |
| Percent other wooded land | 2 |
Bangladesh: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 436 | 30 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 769 | 53 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 237 | 16 |
Bangladesh: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1494 | 1468 | 1455 | 1442 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -3 | -3 | -3 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.18 | -0.18 | -0.18 | |
Bangladesh: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1255 | 1197 | 1177 | 1205 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -6 | -6 | 1 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.5 | -0.46 | 0.07
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Bangladesh: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 436 | 436 | 436 | 436 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Bangladesh: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 239 | 271 | 278 | 237 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 3 | 1 | -8 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 1.26 | 0.51 | -3.14 | |
Bangladesh: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 49 | 8 | 17 | 1 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
Bangladesh: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 62 | 36 | 2 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 33 | 0 | 67 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Bangladesh: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 70 | 48 | 0 | 70 | 62 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Bangladesh: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 84 | 82 | 82 | 80 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 55 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | 0 | n.s. |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Bangladesh: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| - | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 146 | - | - | - | - | - |
Bangladesh: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 240 | 249 | 253 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 562 | 865 | 1016 | - |
Bangladesh: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Bangladesh: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 78 | 93 | 93 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
Bangladesh: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1994)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1995) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1927)
Sub-national forest law: No
Bangladesh: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | 12000 | 3 |
Bangladesh: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Bangladesh: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Bangladesh: Environment
| Environment - current issues | many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during the summer monsoon season |
Bangladesh: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 62.11%
permanent crops: 3.07%
other: 34.82% (2001) | | Natural resources | natural gas, arable land, timber, coal |
Bangladesh: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although half of GDP is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups. The BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA, has the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms, but the party's political will to do so has been lacking in key areas. One encouraging note: growth has been a steady 5% for the past several years. | | GDP - per capita | $2,100 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.2% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 20.5%, industry: 26.7%, services: 52.8% (2004 est.) | | Industries | cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar | | Economic aid - recipient | $1.575 billion (2000 est.) | | Debt - external | $21.25 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 45% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 63%, industry 11%, services 26% (FY95/96) |
Bangladesh: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 144,319,628 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 2.09% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 1,077.7 | | Percent rural (2003) | 75.8% | | Median age (years) | total: 21.87 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 3.13 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998) |
Largest Cities in Bangladesh
Cities and urban areas in Bangladesh with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Dhaka | Bangladesh | 8539500 | 10168600 |
| Chittagong | Bangladesh | 2546400 | 2546400 |
| Khulna | Bangladesh | 1190000 | 1190000 |
| Rajshahi | Bangladesh | 699700 | 699700 |
| Rajshahi | Bangladesh | 511800 | 511800 |
| Narayanganj | Bangladesh | 351100 | 351100 |
| Nasirabad | Bangladesh | 334400 | 334400 |
| Komilla | Bangladesh | 313000 | 313000 |
| Silhat | Bangladesh | 302000 | 302000 |
| Rangpur | Bangladesh | 267100 | 267100 |
| Barisal | Bangladesh | 260400 | 260400 |
| Narsingdi | Bangladesh | 258300 | 258300 |
| Tongi | Bangladesh | 228300 | 228300 |
| Bogora | Bangladesh | 224100 | 224100 |
| Jessor | Bangladesh | 223800 | 223800 |
| Brahamanbaria | Bangladesh | 202400 | 202400 |
| Dinajpur | Bangladesh | 181400 | 181400 |
| Pabna | Bangladesh | 157300 | 157300 |
| Nawabganj | Bangladesh | 151900 | 151900 |
| Tangayal | Bangladesh | 148300 | 148300 |
Bangladesh: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 740,000 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 1.365 million (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003) |
Bangladesh: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 62.08 years
male: 62.13 years
female: 62.02 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 62.6 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2004) |
Bangladesh
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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