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Bosnia and Herzegovina
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
42.7% or about 2,185,000 ha of Bosnia and Herzegovina is forested, according to FAO. Of this 0.1% ( 2,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Bosnia and Herzegovina had 999,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina lost an average of 1,250 ha or 0.06% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina lost 1.1% of its forest cover, or around 25,000 ha.
Bosnia and Herzegovina's forests contain 118 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Bosnia and Herzegovina has some 425 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.2% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 4.2% are threatened. Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to at least 0 species of vascular plants. 0.5% of Bosnia and Herzegovina is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest Cover, 2010
Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 5120 |
Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 2185 |
Percent Forest Cover | 43 |
Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 2 |
Primary Forest, % total forest | n.s. |
Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 549 |
Percent other wooded land | 11 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 2 | n.s. |
Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 1184 | 54 |
Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 999 | 46 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
2210 | 2185 | 2185 | 2185 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -3 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.11 | 0 | 0 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
1163.0 | 1186.0 | 1186.0 | 1186.0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2 | 2.0 | 0.0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
1047 | 999 | 999 | 999 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -5 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent) Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.47 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Primary designated function (percent)
Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
56 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
79 | 21 | 0 |
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
- | - | - |
HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
- | - | - | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Growing stock in forest
GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
358 | 164 | 135 | 223 | 100 |
GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
- | - | | | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS (million metric tons) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
96 | 118 | 118 | 118 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS (per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 54 |
ANNUAL CHANGE (1 000 t/yr) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2 | 0 | 0 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE (t/ha/yr) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1.1 | 0 | 0 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
FOREST FIRE |
1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
- | - |
EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
3791 | 3259 | 3006 | 100 |
WOODFUEL Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
982 | 1067 | 1337 | 100 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals (million US$) | Value per ha forest (US$) |
Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
- | - | - | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL (1000 full-time employees) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
- | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY (1000 full-time employees) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
- | - | - |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION (1000 full-time employees) |
1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
- | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): - (-)
Sub-national forest policy: -
National forest program (year) - status: - (-) -
National forest law (year): - (-)
Sub-national forest law: -
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
# | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
(1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
- | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environment
Environment - current issues | air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Land use / Resources
Land use (%) | arable land: 13.6% permanent crops: 2.96% other: 83.44% (2001) | Natural resources | coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, forests, hydropower |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Economy
Economy - overview: | Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia was saddled with a host of industrial firms with little commercial potential. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-05. National-level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems. The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance. | GDP - per capita | $6,800 (2005 est.) | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.2% (2005 est.) | Agriculture - products | wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 14.2%, industry: 30.8%, services: 55% (2002) | Industries | steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining (2001) | Economic aid - recipient | $650 million (2001 est.) | Debt - external | $3.1 billion (2005 est.) | Population below poverty line (%) | 25% (2004 est.) | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Population / Demographics
Population (July 2005) | 4,025,476 | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.44% | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 78.7 | Percent rural (2003) | 55.7% | Median age (years) | total: 36.21 years | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.71 (2005 est.) | Ethnic groups (%) | Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000) |
Largest Cities in Bosnia
Cities and urban areas in Bosnia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
Sarajevo | Bosnia | 434000 | 434000 |
Banja Luka | Bosnia | 179200 | 179200 |
Tuzla | Bosnia | 111900 | 111900 |
Zenica | Bosnia | 104900 | 104900 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Infrastructure
Telephones - main lines in use | 938,000 (2003) | Telephones - mobile cellular | 1.05 million (2003) | Roadways (km) | total: 21,846 km paved: 11,425 km unpaved: 10,421 km (1999) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Health
Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 77.83 years male: 74.21 years female: 81.72 years (2005 est.) | Infant mortality rate | 21.05 deaths/1,000 live births | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina
: References & Data Sources
Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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