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Egypt
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
0.1% or about 70,000 ha of Egypt is forested, according to FAO. Egypt had 70,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Egypt lost an average of 1,300 ha or 2.95% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Egypt gained 59.1% of its forest cover, or around 26,000 ha.
Egypt's forests contain 7 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Egypt has some 717 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 2.5% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 4.0% are threatened. Egypt is home to at least 2076 species of vascular plants, of which 3.4% are endemic. 4.6% of Egypt is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Egypt
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Egypt: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 99545 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 70 |
| Percent Forest Cover | n.s. |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 20 |
| Percent other wooded land | n.s. |
Egypt: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 70 | 100 |
Egypt: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 44 | 59 | 67 | 70 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2 | 2 | 1 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.98 | 2.58 | 0.88 | |
Egypt: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| | |
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Egypt: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Egypt: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 44 | 59 | 67 | 70 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2 | 2 | 1 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.98 | 2.58 | 0.88 | |
Egypt: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 2 | 49 | 3 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
Egypt: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 50 | 50 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Egypt: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 8 | 120 | n.s. | 8 | 0 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| n.s. | 11 | | | |
Egypt: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 99 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Egypt: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 0 | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Egypt: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 75 | 80 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 110 | 120 | - |
Egypt: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 5 | 5 | 1 | 11 | n.s. |
Egypt: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 11 | 13 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 10 | 12 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 1 | 1 |
Egypt: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): No (-)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: - (2000) In implementation
National forest law (year): Incorporated in other law (-)
Sub-national forest law: No
Egypt: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 5000 | 30 | 5700 | 32 | 6500 | 34 |
Egypt: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 11418 | 6057 | 0 | - | 0 | 6057 | 0
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Egypt: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Egypt: Environment
| Environment - current issues | agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms |
Egypt: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 2.87%
permanent crops: 0.48%
other: 96.65% (2001) | | Natural resources | petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc |
Egypt: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Lack of substantial progress on economic reform since the mid 1990s has limited foreign direct investment in Egypt and kept annual GDP growth in the range of 2%-3% in 2001-03. However, in 2004 Egypt implemented several measures to boost foreign direct investment. In September 2004, Egypt pushed through custom reforms, proposed income and corporate tax reforms, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. The budget deficit rose to an estimated 8% of GDP in 2004 compared to 6.1% of GDP the previous year, in part as a result of these reforms. Monetary pressures on an overvalued Egyptian pound led the government to float the currency in January 2003, leading to a sharp drop in its value and consequent inflationary pressure. The development of an export market for natural gas is a bright spot for future growth prospects, but improvement in the capital-intensive hydrocarbons sector does little to reduce Egypt's persistent unemployment. | | GDP - per capita | $4,400 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 4.5% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 15%, industry: 36.7%, services: 48.4% (2005 est.) | | Industries | textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals | | Economic aid - recipient | ODA, $1.12 billion (2002) | | Debt - external | $28.95 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 16.7% (2000 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 32%, industry 17%, services 51% (2001 est.) |
Egypt: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 77,505,756 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.78% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 77.9 | | Percent rural (2003) | 57.9% | | Median age (years) | total: 23.68 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 2.88 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1% |
Largest Cities in Egypt
Cities and urban areas in Egypt with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Cairo | Egypt | 7764700 | 15546100 |
| Alexandria | Egypt | 3806300 | 4345800 |
| Giza | Egypt | 2541000 | 2541000 |
| Subra al-Haymah | Egypt | 995800 | 995800 |
| Port Said | Egypt | 537000 | 537000 |
| Suez | Egypt | 477600 | 571800 |
| El Mahalla el Kubra | Egypt | 452200 | 452200 |
| Tanta | Egypt | 424300 | 424300 |
| Mansura | Egypt | 422700 | 548900 |
| Luxor | Egypt | 412300 | 412300 |
| Asyut | Egypt | 392800 | 392800 |
| Zagazig | Egypt | 305800 | 305800 |
| Faiyum | Egypt | 298400 | 298400 |
| Ismailia | Egypt | 291000 | 291000 |
| Aswan | Egypt | 250500 | 250500 |
| Damanhur | Egypt | 242700 | 242700 |
| El Minya | Egypt | 230300 | 230300 |
| Beni Suef | Egypt | 196700 | 196700 |
| Qina | Egypt | 195900 | 195900 |
| Suhaj | Egypt | 194600 | 194600 |
| Shibin el Kom | Egypt | 182900 | 182900 |
| Banha | Egypt | 166700 | 166700 |
| Kafr el Sheikh | Egypt | 142700 | 142700 |
| Mallawi | Egypt | 136400 | 136400 |
| Bilbays | Egypt | 129900 | 129900 |
| Mit Gamr | Egypt | 116400 | 116400 |
| El Arish | Egypt | 114900 | 114900 |
| Jirja | Egypt | 109100 | 109100 |
| Edfu | Egypt | 107800 | 107800 |
| Disuq | Egypt | 104400 | 104400 |
| Bilqas | Egypt | 100900 | 100900 |
| Idku | Egypt | 100400 | 100400 |
Egypt: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 9.6 million (2005) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 8,583,940 (2005) | | Roadways (km) | total: 64,000 km
paved: 49,984 km
unpaved: 14,016 km (1999) |
Egypt: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 71 years
male: 68.5 years
female: 73.62 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 32.59 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Egypt
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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