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Estonia
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
52.3% or about 2,217,000 ha of Estonia is forested, according to FAO. Of this 43.5% ( 964,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Estonia had 168,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Estonia lost an average of 6,350 ha or 0.30% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Estonia gained 6.1% of its forest cover, or around 127,000 ha.
Estonia's forests contain 165 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Estonia has some 351 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.0% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 2.0% are threatened. Estonia is home to at least 1630 species of vascular plants. 7.6% of Estonia is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Estonia
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Estonia: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 4239 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 2217 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 52 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 964 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 43 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 133 |
| Percent other wooded land | 3 |
Estonia: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 964 | 43 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 1085 | 49 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 168 | 8 |
Estonia: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2090 | 2243 | 2252 | 2217 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 15 | 2 | -7 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.71 | 0.08 | -0.31 | |
Estonia: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2090 | 2073 | 2082 | 2049 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -2 | -2 | -2 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.1 | -0.08 | -0.12
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Estonia: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | 976 | 980 | 964 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 1 | -3 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 0.08 | -0.33 | |
Estonia: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | 170 | 170 | 168 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 0 | n.s. | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 0.0 | -0.24 | |
Estonia: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 66 | 12 | 9 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
Estonia: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 40 | 43 | 17 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 80 | 20 | 0 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | n.s. | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Estonia: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 449 | 203 | 253 | 197 | 100 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 6 | 44 | | | |
Estonia: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | 168 | 167 | 165 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 74 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | n.s. | n.s. |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | n.s. | n.s. |
Estonia: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 1 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 1 | 3 | 2 | 12 | 18 | 1 |
Estonia: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 8975 | 4565 | 98 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 2194 | 1590 | 98 |
Estonia: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 215 | 26 | - | - | - |
Estonia: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 10 | 10 | 6 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 10 | 10 | 6 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Estonia: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1997)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2002) Under revision
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2007)
Sub-national forest law: No
Estonia: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 137 | 23 | 227 | 27 | 241 | 32 |
Estonia: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | 1398 | - | 1384 | - | 2783
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Estonia: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Estonia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | sometimes flooding occurs in the spring |
Estonia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 16.04%
permanent crops: 0.45%
other: 83.51% (2001) | | Natural resources | oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud |
Estonia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Estonia, as a new member of the World Trade Organization and the European Union, has transitioned effectively to a modern market economy with strong ties to the West, including the pegging of its currency to the euro. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and is greatly influenced by developments in Finland, Sweden, and Germany, three major trading partners. The current account deficit remains high; however, the state budget is essentially in balance, and public debt is low. | | GDP - per capita | $16,400 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 7.1% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 4.1%, industry: 29.1%, services: 66.8% (2005 est.) | | Industries | engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textile; information technology, telecommunications | | Economic aid - recipient | $108 million (2000) | | Debt - external | $10.09 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | NA (2000) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 11%, industry 20%, services 69% (1999 est.) |
Estonia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 1,332,893 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | -0.65% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 30.8 | | Percent rural (2003) | 30.6% | | Median age (years) | total: 39.06 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.39 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census) |
Largest Cities in Estonia
Cities and urban areas in Estonia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Tallinn | Estonia | 386100 | 386100 |
| Tartu | Estonia | 100500 | 100500 |
Estonia: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 475,000 (2002) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 881,000 (2002) | | Roadways (km) | total: 56,849 km
paved: 13,303 km (including 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 45,546 km (2003) |
Estonia: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 71.77 years
male: 66.28 years
female: 77.6 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 7.87 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 1.1% (2001 est.) |
Estonia
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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