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Germany
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
31.8% or about 11,076,000 ha of Germany is forested, according to FAO. Germany had 5,283,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Germany lost an average of 16,750 ha or 0.16% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Germany gained 3.1% of its forest cover, or around 335,000 ha.
Germany's forests contain 1,405 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Germany has some 648 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.9% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.5% are threatened. Germany is home to at least 2682 species of vascular plants, of which 0.2% are endemic. 29.3% of Germany is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Germany
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Germany: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 34877 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 11076 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 32 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Percent other wooded land | 0 |
Germany: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 5793 | 52 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 5283 | 48 |
Germany: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 10741 | 11076 | 11076 | 11076 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 34 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.31 | 0 | 0 | |
Germany: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 5620.0 | 5793.0 | 5793.0 | 5793.0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 17 | 17.0 | 0.0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0
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Germany: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Germany: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 5121 | 5283 | 5283 | 5283 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 16 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.31 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Germany: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 0 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 74 | 0 | 0 |
Germany: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 53 | 44 | 4 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | 0 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Germany: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 3492 | 315 | - | - | - |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Germany: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 981 | 1193 | 1283 | 1405 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 127 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 21 | 18 | 24 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.2 |
Germany: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 1 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 269 | - | - | 26 | - | - |
Germany: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 37043 | 47265 | 58788 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 7646 | 12497 | 16548 | 100 |
Germany: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 2589 | 238 | 563 | 3390 | n.s. |
Germany: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 49 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
Germany: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2009)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1999) Under revision
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1975)
Sub-national forest law: Yes
Germany: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Germany: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | 157937 | - | 0 | - | 157937
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Germany: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
[an error occurred while processing this directive]
Germany: Environment
| Environment - current issues | emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | flooding |
Germany: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 33.85%
permanent crops: 0.59%
other: 65.56% (2001) | | Natural resources | coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land |
Germany: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world - has become one of the slowest growing economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the offing in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%, rising to 1.7% in 2004 before falling back to 0.8% in 2005. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall in government revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit. | | GDP - per capita | $29,700 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 0.8% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 1.1%, industry: 28.6%, services: 70.3% (2005 est.) | | Industries | among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles | | Population below poverty line (%) | NA | | Debt - external | $3.626 trillion (30 June 2005) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999) |
Germany: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 82,431,390 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.00% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 236.0 | | Percent rural (2003) | 11.9% | | Median age (years) | total: 42.16 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.39 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish) |
Largest Cities in Germany
Cities and urban areas in Germany with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Berlin | Germany | 3289500 | 3942600 |
| Hamburg | Germany | 1688300 | 3260700 |
| Munich | Germany | 1161100 | 2341700 |
| Koln-Ruhr Area | Germany | 966800 | 11297800 |
| Frankfurt | Germany | 645500 | 2717800 |
| Essen | Germany | 589900 | 589900 |
| Dortmund | Germany | 588300 | 588300 |
| Stuttgart | Germany | 575400 | 2330300 |
| Dusseldorf | Germany | 568300 | 568300 |
| Bremen | Germany | 528200 | 1008900 |
| Duisburg | Germany | 517700 | 517700 |
| Hannover | Germany | 516800 | 1106100 |
| Nurnberg | Germany | 486800 | 1008500 |
| Dresden | Germany | 413600 | 1030800 |
| Leipzig | Germany | 409800 | 1417600 |
| Bochum | Germany | 387600 | 387600 |
| Wuppertal | Germany | 368600 | 368600 |
| Bielefeld | Germany | 322000 | 1419000 |
| Bonn | Germany | 311800 | 311800 |
| Mannheim | Germany | 305900 | 1456000 |
| Gelsenkirchen | Germany | 278100 | 278100 |
| Karlsruhe | Germany | 277500 | 580500 |
| Monchengladbach | Germany | 266400 | 266400 |
| Wiesbaden | Germany | 266000 | 266000 |
| Muenster | Germany | 265500 | 265500 |
| Chemnitz | Germany | 256100 | 1081800 |
| Augsburg | Germany | 252300 | 252300 |
| Halle | Germany | 245300 | 245300 |
| Braunschweig | Germany | 242400 | 242400 |
| Aachen | Germany | 240300 | 1238600 |
| Krefeld | Germany | 238200 | 238200 |
| Kiel | Germany | 231700 | 231700 |
| Magdeburg | Germany | 230000 | 230000 |
| Oberhausen | Germany | 221900 | 221900 |
| Lubeck | Germany | 213200 | 213200 |
| Hagen | Germany | 205500 | 205500 |
| Freiburg | Germany | 203000 | 203000 |
| Erfurt | Germany | 195100 | 195100 |
| Kassel | Germany | 194600 | 194600 |
| Rostock | Germany | 193300 | 193300 |
| Mainz | Germany | 190600 | 190600 |
| Saarbrucken | Germany | 179500 | 179500 |
| Hamm | Germany | 178000 | 178000 |
| Herne | Germany | 175200 | 175200 |
| Mulheim | Germany | 174000 | 174000 |
| Osnabruck | Germany | 164200 | 164200 |
| Solingen | Germany | 163900 | 163900 |
| Ludwigshafen | Germany | 163400 | 163400 |
| Leverkusen | Germany | 162500 | 162500 |
| Oldenburg | Germany | 156800 | 156800 |
| Neuss | Germany | 150000 | 150000 |
| Heidelberg | Germany | 138100 | 138100 |
| Paderborn | Germany | 137700 | 137700 |
| Darmstadt | Germany | 136700 | 136700 |
| Gottingen | Germany | 129800 | 129800 |
| Potsdam | Germany | 128000 | 128000 |
| Wurzburg | Germany | 125300 | 125300 |
| Recklinghausen | Germany | 124800 | 124800 |
| Regensburg | Germany | 124200 | 124200 |
| Bottrop | Germany | 122000 | 122000 |
| Bremerhaven | Germany | 117900 | 117900 |
| Heilbronn | Germany | 117900 | 117900 |
| Ingolstadt | Germany | 117900 | 117900 |
| Wolfsburg | Germany | 117500 | 117500 |
| Remscheid | Germany | 117100 | 117100 |
| Pforzheim | Germany | 116800 | 116800 |
| Ulm | Germany | 116300 | 116300 |
| Offenbach | Germany | 115600 | 115600 |
| Furth | Germany | 111700 | 111700 |
| Salzgitter | Germany | 111500 | 111500 |
| Reutlingen | Germany | 110900 | 110900 |
| Siegen | Germany | 110000 | 110000 |
| Gera | Germany | 109800 | 109800 |
| Koblenz | Germany | 108600 | 108600 |
| Cottbus | Germany | 107300 | 107300 |
| Bergisch Gladbach | Germany | 106300 | 106300 |
| Moers | Germany | 106000 | 106000 |
| Witten | Germany | 103800 | 103800 |
Germany: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 54.35 million (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 64.8 million (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 231,581 km
paved: 231,581 km (including 12,037 km of expressways) (2003) |
Germany: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 78.65 years
male: 75.66 years
female: 81.81 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 4.16 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Germany
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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