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Hungary
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
22.6% or about 2,029,000 ha of Hungary is forested, according to FAO. Hungary had 1,612,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Hungary lost an average of 11,400 ha or 0.63% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Hungary gained 12.7% of its forest cover, or around 228,000 ha.
Hungary's forests contain 142 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Hungary has some 490 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.4% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.5% are threatened. Hungary is home to at least 2214 species of vascular plants, of which 1.7% are endemic. 8.8% of Hungary is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Hungary
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Hungary: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 8961 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 2029 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 23 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Percent other wooded land | 0 |
Hungary: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 417 | 21 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 1612 | 79 |
Hungary: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1801 | 1907 | 1983 | 2029 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 11 | 15 | 9 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.57 | 0.78 | 0.46 | |
Hungary: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 348 | 398 | 417 | 417 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 5 | 5 | 2 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 1.4 | 1.44 | 0.48
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Hungary: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Hungary: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1453 | 1509 | 1566 | 1612 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 6 | 11 | 9 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.38 | 0.74 | 0.58 | |
Hungary: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 64 | 14 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hungary: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 58 | 42 | n.s. |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 67 | 17 | 16 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Hungary: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 359 | 177 | 55 | 305 | 94 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 0 | - | | | |
Hungary: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 117 | 130 | 136 | 142 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 70 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Hungary: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 2 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 155 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 245 | 12 |
Hungary: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 4129 | 3860 | 3452 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 2615 | 2322 | 2943 | 100 |
Hungary: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 195 | 108 | - | - | - |
Hungary: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 38 | 37 | 36 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 37 | 32 | 31 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 1 | 5 | 5 |
Hungary: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): No (-)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2006) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2009)
Sub-national forest law: No
Hungary: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 563 | 30 | 531 | 29 | 418 | 23 |
Hungary: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 20137 | 22582 | 49698 | 3645 | 14377 | 26226 | 64075
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Hungary: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Hungary: Environment
| Environment - current issues | the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 |
Hungary: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 50.09%
permanent crops: 2.06%
other: 47.85% (2001) | | Natural resources | bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land |
Hungary: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income one-half that of the Big Four European nations. Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth and acceded to the European Union in May 2004. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 and together with the Czech Republic holds the highest rating among the Central European transition economies; however, ratings agencies have expressed concerns over Hungary's unsustainable budget and current account deficits. Inflation has declined from 14% in 1998 to 3.7% in 2005. Unemployment has persisted around the 6% level, but Hungary's labor force participation rate of 57% is one of the lowest in the OECD. Germany is by far Hungary's largest economic partner. Policy challenges include cutting the public sector deficit to 3% of GDP by 2008, from about 6.5% in 2005, and orchestrating an orderly interest rate reduction without sparking capital outflows. | | GDP - per capita | $15,900 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 3.7% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 3.9%, industry: 30.9%, services: 65.3% (2005 est.) | | Industries | mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles | | Economic aid - recipient | $4.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06) | | Debt - external | $76.23 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 8.6% (1993 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 6.2%, industry 27.1%, services 66.7% (2002) |
Hungary: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 10,006,835 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | -0.26% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 108.4 | | Percent rural (2003) | 34.9% | | Median age (years) | total: 38.57 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.32 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census) |
Largest Cities in Hungary
Cities and urban areas in Hungary with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Budapest | Hungary | 1858100 | 2598300 |
| Debrecen | Hungary | 208900 | 208900 |
| Miskolc | Hungary | 181200 | 181200 |
| Szeged | Hungary | 171600 | 171600 |
| Pecs | Hungary | 163100 | 163100 |
| Gyor | Hungary | 133100 | 133100 |
| Nyiregyhaza | Hungary | 119800 | 119800 |
| Szekesfehervar | Hungary | 111100 | 111100 |
| Kecskemet | Hungary | 108400 | 108400 |
Hungary: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 3,666,400 (2002) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 6,862,800 (2002) | | Roadways (km) | total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (including 527 km of expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2002) |
Hungary: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 72.4 years
male: 68.18 years
female: 76.89 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Hungary
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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