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Indonesia
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
52.1% or about 94,432,000 ha of Indonesia is forested, according to FAO. Of this 50.0% ( 47,236,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Indonesia had 3,549,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Indonesia lost an average of 1,205,650 ha or 1.02% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Indonesia lost 20.3% of its forest cover, or around 24,113,000 ha.
Indonesia's forests contain 13,017 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Indonesia has some 3305 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 31.1% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 9.9% are threatened. Indonesia is home to at least 29375 species of vascular plants, of which 59.6% are endemic. 4.5% of Indonesia is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 165 | 127 | 121 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 18,486 | 15,565 | 15,075 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 4,986 | 4,155 | 4,018 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 23,472 | 19,720 | 19,093 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 142 | 155 | 158 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Indonesia Environmental profile | Indonesia pictures
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Indonesia
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Indonesia: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 181157 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 94432 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 52 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 47236 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 50 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 21003 |
| Percent other wooded land | 12 |
Indonesia: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 47236 | 50 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 43647 | 46 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 3549 | 4 |
Indonesia: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 118545 | 99409 | 97857 | 94432 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1914 | -310 | -685 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.75 | -0.31 | -0.71 | |
Indonesia: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 118545 | 95737 | 94158 | 90883 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -2281 | -2281 | -485 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.9 | -1.92 | -0.51
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Indonesia: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | 49270 | 47750 | 47236 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | -304 | -103 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | -0.62 | -0.22 | |
Indonesia: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| - | 3672 | 3699 | 3549 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 5 | -30 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | 0.15 | -0.82 | |
Indonesia: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 53 | 24 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
Indonesia: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 91 | 9 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 43 | n.s. | 57 | n.s. | 0 |
Indonesia: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 11343 | 120 | - | - | - |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Indonesia: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 16335 | 15182 | 14299 | 13017 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 138 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| -115 | -177 | -256 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1.5 | -1.3 | -1.7 |
Indonesia: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 5 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Indonesia: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 25485 | 17792 | 14428 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 144680 | 101098 | 86396 | - |
Indonesia: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Indonesia: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 42 | 20 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 39 | 17 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 3 | 3 |
Indonesia: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2006)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2000) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1999)
Sub-national forest law: No
Indonesia: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 14809 | 13 | 15548 | 18 | 16803 | 18 |
Indonesia: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 334766 | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Indonesia: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Indonesia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation | | Natural hazards | occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires |
Indonesia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other: 81.45% (2001) | | Natural resources | petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
Indonesia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with high unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2004 because of declining production and lack of new exploration investment. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes will dampen growth prospects in 2006. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. In late December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami took 131,000 lives with another 37,000 missing, left some 570,000 displaced persons, and caused an estimated $4.5 billion in damages and losses. Terrorist incidents in 2005 have slowed tourist arrivals. Indonesia experienced several human cases of avian influenza in late 2005, sparking concerns of a pandemic. | | GDP - per capita | $3,700 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.3% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 15.1%, industry: 44.5%, services: 40.4% (2005 est.) | | Industries | petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism | | Economic aid - recipient | $43 billion | | Debt - external | $140.6 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 15.2% (2004) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) |
Indonesia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 241,973,879 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.45% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 132.5 | | Percent rural (2003) | 54.4% | | Median age (years) | total: 26.48 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 2.44 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% |
Largest Cities in Indonesia
Cities and urban areas in Indonesia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Jakarta | Indonesia | 10810400 | 17369200 |
| Bandung | Indonesia | 2884300 | 3828700 |
| Surabaya | Indonesia | 2729300 | 3677900 |
| Medan | Indonesia | 2059300 | 2972700 |
| Palembang | Indonesia | 1462300 | 1580000 |
| Ujung Pandang | Indonesia | 1170200 | 1254800 |
| Semarang | Indonesia | 1134700 | 1322300 |
| Bogor | Indonesia | 761300 | 761300 |
| Malang | Indonesia | 742700 | 921100 |
| Bandar Lampung | Indonesia | 727400 | 1122900 |
| Padang | Indonesia | 586400 | 808500 |
| Samarinda | Indonesia | 585900 | 600800 |
| Pekan Baru | Indonesia | 572100 | 572100 |
| Banjarmasin | Indonesia | 548900 | 548900 |
| Surakarta | Indonesia | 533900 | 857300 |
| Depok | Indonesia | 510600 | 510600 |
| Balikpapan | Indonesia | 496700 | 496700 |
| Pontianak | Indonesia | 493200 | 493200 |
| Denpasar | Indonesia | 491500 | 933500 |
| Jambi | Indonesia | 431100 | 431100 |
| Yogyakarta | Indonesia | 417900 | 840400 |
| Manado | Indonesia | 395100 | 395100 |
| Mataram | Indonesia | 330800 | 1081400 |
| Cirebon | Indonesia | 319500 | 926100 |
| Kediri | Indonesia | 270900 | 270900 |
| Bengkulu | Indonesia | 270500 | 270500 |
| Ambon | Indonesia | 262200 | 262200 |
| Banda Aceh | Indonesia | 253700 | 253700 |
| Tasikmalaya | Indonesia | 251300 | 251300 |
| Pekalongan | Indonesia | 249200 | 249200 |
| Tegal | Indonesia | 238100 | 784400 |
| Jember | Indonesia | 231800 | 231800 |
| Pematang Siantar | Indonesia | 231400 | 231400 |
| Cilacap | Indonesia | 218400 | 218400 |
| Purwokerto | Indonesia | 213600 | 213600 |
| Karawang | Indonesia | 202800 | 202800 |
| Madiun | Indonesia | 181900 | 181900 |
| Palu | Indonesia | 180000 | 180000 |
| Serang | Indonesia | 171200 | 171200 |
| Kendari | Indonesia | 170200 | 170200 |
| Cilegon | Indonesia | 163500 | 163500 |
| Bitung | Indonesia | 161000 | 161000 |
| Cianjur | Indonesia | 159800 | 159800 |
| Batam | Indonesia | 155500 | 155500 |
| Palangka Raya | Indonesia | 154600 | 154600 |
| Jaya Pura | Indonesia | 153400 | 153400 |
| Sukabumi | Indonesia | 152700 | 152700 |
| Pasuruan | Indonesia | 148400 | 148400 |
| Kupang | Indonesia | 148300 | 148300 |
| Probolinggo | Indonesia | 146000 | 146000 |
| Gorontalo | Indonesia | 140400 | 140400 |
| Sorong | Indonesia | 140000 | 140000 |
| Tebingtinggi | Indonesia | 139400 | 139400 |
| Purwakarta | Indonesia | 134100 | 134100 |
| Garut | Indonesia | 133900 | 133900 |
| Lhokseumawe | Indonesia | 133100 | 133100 |
| Pangkal Pinang | Indonesia | 128800 | 128800 |
| Magelang | Indonesia | 127200 | 127200 |
| Blitar | Indonesia | 127100 | 127100 |
| Martapura | Indonesia | 126100 | 126100 |
| Tarakan | Indonesia | 122600 | 122600 |
| Tanjung Pinang | Indonesia | 122100 | 122100 |
| Dumai | Indonesia | 109800 | 109800 |
| Pemalang | Indonesia | 109300 | 109300 |
| Klaten | Indonesia | 109000 | 109000 |
| Bontang | Indonesia | 108500 | 108500 |
| Salatiga | Indonesia | 106500 | 106500 |
| Kuningan | Indonesia | 105700 | 105700 |
| Padang Sidempuan | Indonesia | 103400 | 103400 |
| Mojokerto | Indonesia | 102500 | 102500 |
| Subang | Indonesia | 102100 | 102100 |
| Ternate | Indonesia | 102100 | 102100 |
| Metro | Indonesia | 101900 | 101900 |
| Cibadak | Indonesia | 101300 | 101300 |
| Kudus | Indonesia | 100500 | 100500 |
Indonesia: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 7.75 million (2002) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 11.7 million (2002) | | Roadways (km) | total: 368,360 km
paved: 213,648 km
unpaved: 154,711 km (2002) |
Indonesia: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 69.57 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 72.13 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 35.6 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.1% (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations
note: at present, H5N1 avian influenza poses a minimal risk; during outbreaks among birds, rare cases could occur among US personnel who have close contact with infected birds or poultry (2005) |
Indonesia
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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