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Kazakhstan
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
1.2% or about 3,309,000 ha of Kazakhstan is forested, according to FAO. Kazakhstan had 901,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Kazakhstan lost an average of 5,650 ha or 0.17% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Kazakhstan lost 3.3% of its forest cover, or around 113,000 ha.
Kazakhstan's forests contain 137 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Kazakhstan has some 708 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 1.8% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 5.8% are threatened. Kazakhstan is home to at least 6000 species of vascular plants. 2.9% of Kazakhstan is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Kazakhstan
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Kazakhstan: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 269970 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 3309 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 1 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 16479 |
| Percent other wooded land | 6 |
Kazakhstan: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 2408 | 73 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 901 | 27 |
Kazakhstan: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 3422 | 3365 | 3337 | 3309 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -6 | -6 | -6 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.17 | -0.17 | -0.17 | |
Kazakhstan: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2388 | 2309 | 2428 | 2408 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -8 | -8 | 10 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.3 | -0.33 | 0.43
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Kazakhstan: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Kazakhstan: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1034 | 1056 | 909 | 901 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2 | -29 | -2 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.21 | -2.95 | -0.18 | |
Kazakhstan: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 0 | 0 | 16 | 13 | 71 | 0 | 0 |
Kazakhstan: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Kazakhstan: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 364 | 110 | 239 | 125 | 0 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 12 | 1 | | | |
Kazakhstan: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 137 | 137 | 137 | 137 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 41 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | 0 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Kazakhstan: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 35 | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kazakhstan: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 2024 | 189 | 535 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 577 | 483 | 231 | - |
Kazakhstan: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Kazakhstan: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 16 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 14 | 14 | 14 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 3 |
Kazakhstan: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (-)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2004) -
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2003)
Sub-national forest law: No
Kazakhstan: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kazakhstan: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Kazakhstan: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Kazakhstan: Environment
| Environment - current issues | radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol | | Natural hazards | earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty |
Kazakhstan: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001) | | Natural resources | major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium |
Kazakhstan: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and more than 9% per year in 2002-05 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. The opening of the Caspian Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. Kazakhstan also has begun work on an ambitious cooperative construction effort with China to build an oil pipeline that will extend from the country's Caspian coast eastward to the Chinese border. The country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by developing light industry. The policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions continue. Upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2005 due to massive oil-related foreign-exchange inflows. | | GDP - per capita | $8,700 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 9% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 7.8%, industry: 40.4%, services: 51.8% (2005 est.) | | Industries | oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials | | Economic aid - recipient | $74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004) | | Debt - external | $32.7 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 19% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.) |
Kazakhstan: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 15,185,844 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.30% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 5.7 | | Percent rural (2003) | 44.2% | | Median age (years) | total: 28.52 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.89 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census) |
Largest Cities in Kazakhstan
Cities and urban areas in Kazakhstan with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Almaty | Kazakhstan | 1066300 | 1199100 |
| Karaganda | Kazakhstan | 412500 | 412500 |
| Chimkent | Kazakhstan | 340000 | 340000 |
| Taraz (Dzhambul) | Kazakhstan | 311700 | 311700 |
| Pavlodar | Kazakhstan | 299800 | 299800 |
| Astana | Kazakhstan | 293800 | 293800 |
| Oskemen | Kazakhstan | 293600 | 293600 |
| Semey (Semipalatinsk) | Kazakhstan | 254500 | 254500 |
| Aqtobe | Kazakhstan | 239000 | 239000 |
| Qostanay | Kazakhstan | 223400 | 223400 |
| Petropavl | Kazakhstan | 202600 | 202600 |
| Oral | Kazakhstan | 184500 | 184500 |
| Temirtau | Kazakhstan | 161000 | 161000 |
| Akmechet (Kyzyl-Orda) | Kazakhstan | 152100 | 152100 |
| Aqtau | Kazakhstan | 135400 | 135400 |
| Atyrau | Kazakhstan | 134500 | 134500 |
| Ekibastuz | Kazakhstan | 126900 | 126900 |
| Koksetau | Kazakhstan | 122800 | 122800 |
| Rudni | Kazakhstan | 110500 | 110500 |
Kazakhstan: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 2,081,900 (2002) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 1.027 million (2002) | | Roadways (km) | total: 258,029 km
paved: 247,347 km
unpaved: 106,824 km (2003) |
Kazakhstan: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 66.55 years
male: 61.21 years
female: 72.2 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 29.21 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.2% (2001 est.) |
Kazakhstan
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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