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Mozambique
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
49.6% or about 39,022,000 ha of Mozambique is forested, according to FAO. Mozambique had 62,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Mozambique lost an average of 217,800 ha or 0.50% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Mozambique lost 10.0% of its forest cover, or around 4,356,000 ha.
Mozambique's forests contain 1,692 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Mozambique has some 1167 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 1.5% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.7% are threatened. Mozambique is home to at least 5692 species of vascular plants, of which 3.8% are endemic. 4.2% of Mozambique is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 56 | 35 | 26 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 1,675 | 1,124 | 845 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 522 | 348 | 261 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 2,197 | 1,472 | 1,106 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 39 | 42 | 43 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Mozambique Environmental profile
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Mozambique
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Mozambique: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 78638 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 39022 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 50 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 14566 |
| Percent other wooded land | 19 |
Mozambique: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 38960 | 100 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 62 | n.s. |
Mozambique: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 43378 | 41188 | 40079 | 39022 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -219 | -222 | -211 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.52 | -0.54 | -0.53 | |
Mozambique: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 43340.00 | 41150.00 | 40055.00 | 38960.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -219 | -219.00 | -219.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.5 | -0.51 | -0.53
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Mozambique: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Mozambique: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 38 | 38 | 24 | 62 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | -3 | 8 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.0 | -8.78 | 20.90 | |
Mozambique: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 67 | 22 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mozambique: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | n.s. | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 98 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Mozambique: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 1420 | 36 | - | - | 14 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 287 | 20 | | | |
Mozambique: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1878 | 1782 | 1733 | 1692 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 43 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| -10 | -10 | -8 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Mozambique: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| - | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mozambique: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 1070 | 1511 | 1507 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 17104 | 19233 | 19233 | - |
Mozambique: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 261 | - | - | - | - |
Mozambique: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
Mozambique: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1999)
Sub-national forest policy: -
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1998) Under revision
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1999)
Sub-national forest law: -
Mozambique: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 88 | - | 96 | - | 128 | - |
Mozambique: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 6489 | - | - | - | - | 345 | -
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Mozambique: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Mozambique: Environment
| Environment - current issues | a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant poaching for ivory is a problem | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and southern provinces |
Mozambique: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 5.1%
permanent crops: 0.3%
other: 94.6% (2001) | | Natural resources | coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite |
Mozambique: Economy
| Economy - overview: | At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from 1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, have led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate. Inflation was reduced to single digits during the late 1990s although it returned to double digits in 2000-03. Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. In spite of these gains, Mozambique remains dependent upon foreign assistance for much of its annual budget, and the majority of the population remains below the poverty line. Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country's workforce. A substantial trade imbalance persists although the opening of the MOZAL aluminum smelter, the country's largest foreign investment project to date, has increased export earnings. In late 2005, and after years of negotiations, the government signed an agreement to gain Portugal's majority share of the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectricity (HCB) company, a dam that was not transferred to Mozambique at independence because of the ensuing civil war and unpaid debts. More power is needed for additional investment projects in titanium extraction and processing and garment manufacturing that could further close the import/export gap. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a manageable level. | | GDP - per capita | $1,300 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 7% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn, coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes, sunflowers; beef, poultry | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 24.2%, industry: 41.2%, services: 34.6% (2005 est.) | | Industries | food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco | | Economic aid - recipient | $632.8 million (2001) | | Debt - external | $966 million (2002 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 70% (2001 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13% (1997 est.) |
Mozambique: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 19,406,703 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.48% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 24.8 | | Percent rural (2003) | 64.4% | | Median age (years) | total: 18.29 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 4.7 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08% |
Largest Cities in Mozambique
Cities and urban areas in Mozambique with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| 219 | 245 | Maputo | Mozambique | 1088100 | 1639300 |
| 847 | 645 | Matola | Mozambique | 478300 | 478300 |
| 879 | 688 | Beira | Mozambique | 447600 | 447600 |
| 1055 | 930 | Nampula | Mozambique | 341700 | 341700 |
| 1755 | 1717 | Chimoio | Mozambique | 192700 | 192700 |
| 1884 | 1854 | Nacala | Mozambique | 178200 | 178200 |
| 1965 | 1936 | Quelimane | Mozambique | 169100 | 169100 |
| 2332 | 2315 | Mocuba | Mozambique | 140400 | 140400 |
| 2774 | 2758 | Tete | Mozambique | 114900 | 114900 |
| 2847 | 2831 | Xai-Xai | Mozambique | 112000 | 112000 |
| 2853 | 2837 | Garue | Mozambique | 111900 | 111900 |
| 3013 | 2998 | Maxixe | Mozambique | 105900 | 105900 |
Mozambique: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 83,700 (2002) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 428,900 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.) |
Mozambique: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 40.32 years
male: 39.9 years
female: 40.75 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 130.79 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 12.2% (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004) |
Mozambique
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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