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Nigeria
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
9.9% or about 9,041,000 ha of Nigeria is forested, according to FAO. Nigeria had 382,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Nigeria lost an average of 409,650 ha or 2.38% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Nigeria lost 47.5% of its forest cover, or around 8,193,000 ha.
Nigeria's forests contain 1,085 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Nigeria has some 1417 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 1.2% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 3.5% are threatened. Nigeria is home to at least 4715 species of vascular plants, of which 4.3% are endemic. 3.6% of Nigeria is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 18 | 7 | 5 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 827 | 450 | 386 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 245 | 129 | 109 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 1,072 | 579 | 495 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 61 | 83 | 91 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Nigeria Environmental profile
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Nigeria
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Nigeria: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 91077 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 9041 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 10 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 4088 |
| Percent other wooded land | 4 |
Nigeria: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 8659 | 96 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 382 | 4 |
Nigeria: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 17234 | 13137 | 11089 | 9041 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -410 | -410 | -410 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -2.68 | -3.33 | -4.00 | |
Nigeria: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 16983 | 12821 | 10740 | 8659 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -416 | -416 | -416 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -2.5 | -2.45 | -3.25
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Nigeria: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1556 | 736 | 326 | n.s. | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -82 | -82 | -65 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -7.21 | -15.03 | - | |
Nigeria: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 251 | 316 | 349 | 382 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 7 | 7 | 7 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.33 | 2.01 | 1.82 | |
Nigeria: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 29 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
Nigeria: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Nigeria: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 1161 | 128 | 0 | 1161 | 14 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Nigeria: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2016 | 1550 | 1317 | 1085 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 120 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| -47 | -47 | -46 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Nigeria: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| - | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Nigeria: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 9321 | 10831 | 10831 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 59095 | 68172 | 70427 | 100 |
Nigeria: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 124 | 456 | - | - | - |
Nigeria: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 11 | 11 | 12 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 9 | 10 | 10 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 1 | 1 | 2 |
Nigeria: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2006)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2002) Under revision
National forest law (year): No national forest law (-)
Sub-national forest law: Yes
Nigeria: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 10741 | 8 | 11200 | 9 | 13120 | 9 |
Nigeria: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | 4 | 0 | - | - | 4 | 0
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Nigeria: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Nigeria: Environment
| Environment - current issues | soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | periodic droughts; flooding |
Nigeria: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 31.29%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 65.75% (2001) | | Natural resources | natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land |
Nigeria: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, is undertaking some reforms under a new reform-minded administration. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth - Nigeria is Africa's most populous country - and the country, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. In the last year the government has begun showing the political will to implement the market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. In 2003 the government began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management. GDP rose strongly in 2005, based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices. In November 2005, Abuja won Paris Club approval for an historic debt relief deal that by March 2006 should eliminate $30 billion worth of Nigeria's total $36 billion external debt. The deal first requires that Nigeria repay roughly $12 billion in arrears to its bilateral creditors. Nigeria would then be allowed to buyback its remaining debt stock at a discount. The deal commits Nigeria more intensified IMF reviews. | | GDP - per capita | $1,000 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.2% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 26.8%, industry: 48.8%, services: 24.4% (2005 est.) | | Industries | crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel, small commercial ship construction and repair | | Economic aid - recipient | IMF $250 million (1998) | | Debt - external | $37.49 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 60% (2000 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.) |
Nigeria: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 128,771,988 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 2.37% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 141.4 | | Percent rural (2003) | 53.3% | | Median age (years) | total: 18.63 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 5.53 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% |
Largest Cities in Nigeria
Cities and urban areas in Nigeria with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Lagos | Nigeria | 8029200 | 9123200 |
| Kano | Nigeria | 3248700 | 3519500 |
| Ibadan | Nigeria | 3078400 | 3670400 |
| Kaduna | Nigeria | 1458900 | 1458900 |
| Port Harcourt | Nigeria | 1053900 | 1190600 |
| Benin | Nigeria | 1051600 | 1051600 |
| Maiduguri | Nigeria | 971700 | 971700 |
| Zaria | Nigeria | 898900 | 898900 |
| Aba | Nigeria | 784500 | 899100 |
| Ilorin | Nigeria | 756400 | 756400 |
| Jos | Nigeria | 742100 | 742100 |
| Ogbomosho | Nigeria | 726300 | 985600 |
| Oyo | Nigeria | 620400 | 620400 |
| Enugu | Nigeria | 593300 | 662800 |
| Abeokuta | Nigeria | 529700 | 698100 |
| Onitsha | Nigeria | 509500 | 1001000 |
| Warri | Nigeria | 500900 | 500900 |
| Sokoto | Nigeria | 500500 | 500500 |
| Okene | Nigeria | 444900 | 444900 |
| Calabar | Nigeria | 431200 | 431200 |
| Oshogbo | Nigeria | 421000 | 1309900 |
| Katsina | Nigeria | 387000 | 387000 |
| Akure | Nigeria | 369700 | 369700 |
| Ife | Nigeria | 313400 | 313400 |
| Bauchi | Nigeria | 291600 | 291600 |
| Iseyin | Nigeria | 286700 | 286700 |
| Minna | Nigeria | 270600 | 270600 |
| Makurdi | Nigeria | 249000 | 249000 |
| Owo | Nigeria | 243000 | 243000 |
| Ado | Nigeria | 241200 | 523300 |
| Ilesha | Nigeria | 233900 | 561200 |
| Gombe | Nigeria | 230900 | 230900 |
| Umuahia | Nigeria | 230800 | 230800 |
| Ondo | Nigeria | 225800 | 225800 |
| Damaturu | Nigeria | 223000 | 223000 |
| Jimeta | Nigeria | 218400 | 218400 |
| Ikot Ekpene | Nigeria | 209400 | 209400 |
| Gusau | Nigeria | 201200 | 201200 |
| Mubi | Nigeria | 198700 | 198700 |
| Shagamu | Nigeria | 191500 | 191500 |
| Owerri | Nigeria | 187600 | 187600 |
| Ugep | Nigeria | 187000 | 187000 |
| Ijebu Ode | Nigeria | 186700 | 186700 |
| Ise | Nigeria | 167100 | 167100 |
| Gboko | Nigeria | 166400 | 166400 |
| Ilawe | Nigeria | 160700 | 160700 |
| Ikare | Nigeria | 160600 | 160600 |
| Abuja | Nigeria | 159900 | 565100 |
| Bida | Nigeria | 159100 | 159100 |
| Okpoko | Nigeria | 152900 | 152900 |
| Awka | Nigeria | 152300 | 152300 |
| Sapele | Nigeria | 151000 | 151000 |
| Ila | Nigeria | 150700 | 150700 |
| Shaki | Nigeria | 150300 | 150300 |
| Ijero | Nigeria | 147300 | 147300 |
| Otukpo | Nigeria | 136800 | 136800 |
| Kishi | Nigeria | 130800 | 130800 |
| Bugama | Nigeria | 124200 | 124200 |
| Funtua | Nigeria | 122500 | 122500 |
| Abakaliki | Nigeria | 121700 | 121700 |
| Gbongan | Nigeria | 117300 | 117300 |
| Lafia | Nigeria | 115500 | 115500 |
| Igboho | Nigeria | 115000 | 115000 |
| Amaigbo | Nigeria | 111000 | 111000 |
| Gashua | Nigeria | 109600 | 109600 |
| Offa | Nigeria | 105700 | 105700 |
| Jalingo | Nigeria | 103600 | 103600 |
| Bama | Nigeria | 102800 | 102800 |
| Uyo | Nigeria | 102400 | 102400 |
| Uromi | Nigeria | 101400 | 101400 |
| Nsukka | Nigeria | 100700 | 100700 |
| Okigwe | Nigeria | 100700 | 100700 |
| Modakeke | Nigeria | 100500 | 100500 |
Nigeria: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 853,100 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 3,149,500 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 194,394 km
paved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)
unpaved: 134,326 km (1999 est.) |
Nigeria: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 46.74 years
male: 46.21 years
female: 47.29 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 98.8 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 5.4% (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly endemic areas for Lassa fever (2004) |
Nigeria
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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