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Peru
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
53.1% or about 67,992,000 ha of Peru is forested, according to FAO. Of this 88.5% ( 60,178,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Peru had 993,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Peru lost an average of 108,200 ha or 0.15% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Peru lost 3.1% of its forest cover, or around 2,164,000 ha.
Peru's forests contain 8,560 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Peru has some 2937 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 16.0% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 7.6% are threatened. Peru is home to at least 17144 species of vascular plants, of which 31.2% are endemic. 3.1% of Peru is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 80 | 75 | 73 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 9,666 | 9,305 | 9,236 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 2,586 | 2,480 | 2,458 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 12,252 | 11,785 | 11,694 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 153 | 158 | 160 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Peru Environmental profile | Peru pictures
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Peru
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Peru: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 128000 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 67992 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 53 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 60178 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 89 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 22132 |
| Percent other wooded land | 17 |
Peru: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 60178 | 89 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 6821 | 10 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 993 | 1 |
Peru: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 70156 | 69213 | 68742 | 67992 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -94 | -94 | -150 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.14 | -0.14 | -0.22 | |
Peru: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 69893 | 68498 | 67988 | 66999 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -140 | -140 | -150 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.2 | -0.2 | -0.22
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Peru: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 62910 | 62188 | 61065 | 60178 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -72 | -225 | -177 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.12 | -0.36 | -0.29 | |
Peru: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 263 | 715 | 754 | 993 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 45 | 8 | 48 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 10.52 | 1.07 | 5.66 | |
Peru: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 37 | n.s. | 27 | n.s. | 26 | 0 | 10 |
Peru: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 62 | 18 | 20 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 |
Peru: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 8159 | 120 | - | - | - |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Peru: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 8831 | 8713 | 8654 | 8560 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 126 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| -12 | -12 | -19 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Peru: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 12 | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 8 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
Peru: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 1090 | 1625 | 2051 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 6586 | 8127 | 7243 | - |
Peru: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 3 | - | - | - | - |
Peru: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 13 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 10 | 12 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | n.s. |
Peru: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): No (-)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2004) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2000)
Sub-national forest law: No
Peru: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | 532 | 29 |
Peru: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 6501 | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Peru: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Peru: Environment
| Environment - current issues | deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity |
Peru: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 2.89%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 96.71% (2001) | | Natural resources | copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas |
Peru: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy grew by more than 4 percent per year during the period 2002-2005, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the government's prudent fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, the TOLEDO administration remained unpopular in 2005, and unemployment and poverty have stayed persistently high. Economic growth will be driven by the Camisea natural gas megaproject and by exports of minerals, textiles, and agricultural products. Peru is expected to sign a free-trade agreement with the United States in early 2006. | | GDP - per capita | $6,000 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.6% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 8%, industry: 27%, services: 65% (2003 est.) | | Industries | mining and refining of minerals and metals, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food processing, steel, metal fabrication | | Economic aid - recipient | $491 million (2002) | | Debt - external | $30.18 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 54% (2003 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 9%, industry 18%, services 73% (2001) |
Peru: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 27,925,628 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.36% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 21.8 | | Percent rural (2003) | 26.1% | | Median age (years) | total: 24.95 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 2.56 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% |
Largest Cities in Peru
Cities and urban areas in Peru with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Lima | Peru | 7603500 | 7603500 |
| Arequipa | Peru | 733900 | 733900 |
| Trujillo | Peru | 600900 | 600900 |
| Chiclayo | Peru | 490400 | 490400 |
| Piura | Peru | 359400 | 359400 |
| Iquitos | Peru | 349300 | 349300 |
| Chimbote | Peru | 298600 | 298600 |
| Huancayo | Peru | 285600 | 285600 |
| Cusco | Peru | 282600 | 282600 |
| Pucallpa | Peru | 235500 | 235500 |
| Tacna | Peru | 229100 | 229100 |
| Ica | Peru | 186600 | 186600 |
| Sullana | Peru | 184900 | 184900 |
| Juliaca | Peru | 157100 | 157100 |
| Huanuco | Peru | 140500 | 140500 |
| Chincha Alta | Peru | 127200 | 127200 |
| Ayacucho | Peru | 111100 | 111100 |
| Tarapoto | Peru | 110000 | 110000 |
| Talara | Peru | 103200 | 103200 |
| Cajamarca | Peru | 102300 | 102300 |
Peru: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 1,839,200 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 2,908,800 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 78,230 km
paved: 10,452 km
unpaved: 67,778 km (2001) |
Peru: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.77 years
female: 71.37 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 31.94 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.5% (2003 est.) |
Peru
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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