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Romania
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
28.6% or about 6,573,000 ha of Romania is forested, according to FAO. Of this 4.6% ( 300,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Romania had 1,446,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Romania lost an average of 10,100 ha or 0.16% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Romania gained 3.2% of its forest cover, or around 202,000 ha.
Romania's forests contain 618 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Romania has some 507 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.2% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 5.9% are threatened. Romania is home to at least 3400 species of vascular plants, of which 1.2% are endemic. 2.0% of Romania is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Romania
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Romania: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 22998 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 6573 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 29 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 300 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 5 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 160 |
| Percent other wooded land | 1 |
Romania: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 300 | 5 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 4827 | 73 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 1446 | 22 |
Romania: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 6371 | 6366 | 6391 | 6573 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1 | 5 | 36 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.01 | 0.08 | 0.56 | |
Romania: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 4969 | 4965 | 4985 | 5127 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 16 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.0 | -0.01 | 0.33
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Romania: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 300 | 300 | 300 | 300 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Romania: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1402 | 1401 | 1406 | 1446 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| n.s. | 1 | 8 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.01 | 0.07 | 0.56 | |
Romania: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 48 | 39 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Romania: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 80 | 20 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 53 | 47 | 0 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Romania: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 1390 | 212 | 417 | 973 | 100 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Romania: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 600 | 599 | 601 | 618 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 94 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | 3 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Romania: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 1 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 1266 | 56 | 10 | 231 | 1563 | 24 |
Romania: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | - | - | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | - | - | - |
Romania: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| - | - | 14 | - | - |
Romania: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 79 | 71 | 60 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 79 | 71 | 60 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 0 | 0 | n.s. |
Romania: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2005)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2000) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2008)
Sub-national forest law: No
Romania: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 298 | 15 | 301 | 19 | 573 | 13 |
Romania: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | 30802 | 368 | 2435 | 0 | 33237 | 368
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Romania: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Romania: Environment
| Environment - current issues | soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides |
Romania: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 40.82%
permanent crops: 2.25%
other: 56.93% (2001) | | Natural resources | petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower |
Romania: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept growth above 4%. An IMF standby agreement, signed in 2001, has been accompanied by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit reduction, and the curbing of inflation. The IMF Board approved Romania's completion of the standby agreement in October 2003, the first time Romania has successfully concluded an IMF agreement since the 1989 revolution. In July 2004, the executive board of the IMF approved a 24-month standby agreement for $367 million. Wayward economic policies led to a breakdown of this agreement in 2005, and the IMF has issued harsh criticisms of the government's fiscal, wage, and monetary policies. Meanwhile, recent macroeconomic gains have done little to address Romania's widespread poverty, while corruption and red tape continue to handicap the business environment. | | GDP - per capita | $8,300 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.2% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 13.1%, industry: 33.7%, services: 53.2% (2004 est.) | | Industries | textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining | | Population below poverty line (%) | 28.9% (2002) | | Debt - external | $29.47 billion (2005 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 31.6%, industry 30.7%, services 37.7% (2004) |
Romania: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 22,329,977 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | -0.12% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 96.9 | | Percent rural (2003) | 45.5% | | Median age (years) | total: 36.39 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.36 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census) |
Largest Cities in Romania
Cities and urban areas in Romania with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Bucuresti | Romania | 1977200 | 2249400 |
| Iasi | Romania | 354800 | 354800 |
| Galati | Romania | 342400 | 342400 |
| Timisoara | Romania | 340000 | 340000 |
| Constanta | Romania | 337800 | 337800 |
| Cluj-Napoca | Romania | 332200 | 332200 |
| Craiova | Romania | 317600 | 317600 |
| Brasov | Romania | 309600 | 309600 |
| Ploiesti | Romania | 250600 | 250600 |
| Braila | Romania | 231500 | 231500 |
| Oradea | Romania | 220100 | 220100 |
| Bacau | Romania | 213500 | 213500 |
| Pitesti | Romania | 191400 | 191400 |
| Arad | Romania | 181200 | 181200 |
| Sibiu | Romania | 167000 | 167000 |
| Targu Mures | Romania | 162800 | 162800 |
| Baia Mare | Romania | 149300 | 149300 |
| Buzau | Romania | 147100 | 147100 |
| Botosani | Romania | 129300 | 129300 |
| Satu Mare | Romania | 126400 | 126400 |
Romania: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 4.3 million (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 6.9 million (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 198,755 km
paved: 100,173 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 98,582 km (2002) |
Romania: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 71.35 years
male: 67.86 years
female: 75.06 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 26.43 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
Romania
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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