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Spain
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
36.4% or about 18,173,000 ha of Spain is forested, according to FAO. Spain had 2,680,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Spain lost an average of 217,750 ha or 1.58% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Spain gained 31.5% of its forest cover, or around 4,355,000 ha.
Spain's forests contain 422 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Spain has some 746 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 4.7% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 7.0% are threatened. Spain is home to at least 5050 species of vascular plants, of which 18.6% are endemic. 8.0% of Spain is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Spain
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Spain: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 49919 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 18173 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 36 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 9574 |
| Percent other wooded land | 19 |
Spain: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 15493 | 85 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 2680 | 15 |
Spain: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 13818 | 16988 | 17293 | 18173 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 317 | 61 | 176 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.09 | 0.36 | 1.0 | |
Spain: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 11780.00 | 14483.00 | 14743.00 | 15493.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 270 | 270.00 | 101.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.3 | 2.29 | 0.70
| |
Spain: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Spain: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 2038 | 2505 | 2550 | 2680 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 47 | 9 | 26 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.09 | 0.36 | 1.00 | |
Spain: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 20 | 20 | 12 | 2 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
Spain: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 29 | 66 | 5 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 97 | 0 | 3 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Spain: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 912 | 50 | 523 | 390 | 96 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 2 | n.s. | | | |
Spain: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 289 | 396 | 400 | 422 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 23 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 11 | 1 | 4 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Spain: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 55 | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Spain: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 14794 | 14828 | 15827 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 2947 | 2045 | 1760 | - |
Spain: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 915 | 29 | 514 | 1459 | n.s. |
Spain: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 36 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 35 | 31 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 5 |
Spain: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (1999)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2002) Under revision
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2003)
Sub-national forest law: Yes
Spain: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 9229 | 9 | 9139 | 13 | 10165 | 13 |
Spain: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Spain: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Spain: Environment
| Environment - current issues | pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants | | Natural hazards | periodic droughts |
Spain: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 26.07%
permanent crops: 9.87%
other: 64.06% (2001) | | Natural resources | coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land |
Spain: Economy
| Economy - overview: | The Spanish economy boomed from 1986 to 1990, averaging five percent annual growth. After a European-wide recession in the early 1990s, the Spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994. Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration but remains high at 10.1%. Growth of 2.5% in 2003, 2.6% in 2004, and 3.3% in 2005 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European economy. The socialist president, RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, has initiated economic and social reforms that are generally popular among the masses of people but that are anathema to religious and other conservative elements. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic policies of an integrated Europe, reducing unemployment, and absorbing widespread social changes will pose challenges to Spain over the next few years. | | GDP - per capita | $25,100 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 3.3% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 3.4%, industry: 28.7%, services: 67.9% (2005 est.) | | Industries | textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment | | Population below poverty line (%) | NA | | Debt - external | $1.249 trillion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 5.3%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 30.1%, services 64.6% (2004 est.) |
Spain: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 40,341,462 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.15% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 80.8 | | Percent rural (2003) | 23.5% | | Median age (years) | total: 39.51 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.28 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types |
Largest Cities in Spain
Cities and urban areas in Spain with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Madrid | Spain | 2905100 | 5078100 |
| Barcelona | Spain | 1497700 | 3871400 |
| Valencia | Spain | 741900 | 1406600 |
| Sevilla | Spain | 704500 | 1135600 |
| Zaragoza | Spain | 607000 | 607000 |
| Malaga | Spain | 539300 | 748200 |
| Murcia | Spain | 366300 | 366300 |
| Las Palmas | Spain | 366000 | 366000 |
| Bilbao | Spain | 351100 | 879300 |
| Palma | Spain | 350700 | 350700 |
| Valladolid | Spain | 319400 | 319400 |
| Cordoba | Spain | 316100 | 316100 |
| Vigo | Spain | 287800 | 287800 |
| Alacant | Spain | 283600 | 283600 |
| Gijon | Spain | 268300 | 268300 |
| Granada | Spain | 244900 | 244900 |
| A Coruna | Spain | 241000 | 241000 |
| Santa Cruz de Tenerife | Spain | 220700 | 220700 |
| Vitoria | Spain | 218400 | 218400 |
| Oviedo | Spain | 200700 | 200700 |
| Elx | Spain | 199800 | 199800 |
| Iruna | Spain | 191900 | 191900 |
| Jerez | Spain | 186000 | 186000 |
| Santander | Spain | 184800 | 184800 |
| Cartagena | Spain | 184700 | 184700 |
| Donostia | Spain | 181900 | 181900 |
| Almeria | Spain | 171000 | 171000 |
| Burgos | Spain | 164400 | 164400 |
| Salamanca | Spain | 158600 | 158600 |
| Albacete | Spain | 153200 | 153200 |
| Castello | Spain | 146700 | 146700 |
| Huelva | Spain | 142200 | 142200 |
| Cadiz | Spain | 138900 | 138900 |
| Badajoz | Spain | 137000 | 137000 |
| Leon | Spain | 136500 | 136500 |
| Logrono | Spain | 130500 | 130500 |
| San Cristobal de la Laguna | Spain | 130200 | 130200 |
| Tarragona | Spain | 116200 | 116200 |
| Jaen | Spain | 113200 | 113200 |
| Lleida | Spain | 112600 | 112600 |
| Marbella | Spain | 109500 | 109500 |
| Ourense | Spain | 109200 | 109200 |
| Algeciras | Spain | 106100 | 106100 |
Spain: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 17,567,500 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 37,506,700 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 664,852 km
paved: 658,203 km (including 11,152 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,649 km (2001) |
Spain: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 79.52 years
male: 76.18 years
female: 83.08 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 4.42 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.7% (2001 est.) |
Spain
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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