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Turkey
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
14.7% or about 11,334,000 ha of Turkey is forested, according to FAO. Of this 8.6% ( 973,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Turkey had 3,418,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Turkey lost an average of 82,700 ha or 0.85% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Turkey gained 17.1% of its forest cover, or around 1,654,000 ha.
Turkey's forests contain 822 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Turkey has some 737 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 3.5% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 6.2% are threatened. Turkey is home to at least 8650 species of vascular plants, of which 30.9% are endemic. 0.7% of Turkey is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Turkey
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Turkey: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 76963 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 11334 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 15 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 973 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 9 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 10368 |
| Percent other wooded land | 13 |
Turkey: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 973 | 9 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 6943 | 61 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 3418 | 30 |
Turkey: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 9680 | 10146 | 10740 | 11334 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 47 | 119 | 119 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0.47 | 1.14 | 1.08 | |
Turkey: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 7902 | 7802 | 8120 | 7916 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -10 | -10 | 11 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.1 | -0.13 | 0.15
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Turkey: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 739 | 897 | 922 | 973 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 16 | 5 | 10 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 1.96 | 0.55 | 1.08 | |
Turkey: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1778 | 2344 | 2620 | 3418 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 57 | 55 | 160 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.80 | 2.25 | 5.46 | |
Turkey: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 70 | 17 | 8 | n.s. | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Turkey: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | n.s. | n.s. |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 95 | 5 | n.s. |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 97 | 3 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. |
Turkey: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 1526 | 135 | 1001 | 524 | 71 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 91 | 9 | | | |
Turkey: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 686 | 743 | 782 | 822 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 73 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 6 | 8 | 8 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Turkey: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 5 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 172 | 12 | - | 11 | 195 | 2 |
Turkey: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 9946 | 11514 | 11905 | 72 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 15680 | 11116 | 9722 | 87 |
Turkey: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 995 | 254 | 2 | 1251 | n.s. |
Turkey: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 101 | 48 | 43 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 101 | 48 | 42 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| n.s. | 1 | 1 |
Turkey: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2005)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2004) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1956)
Sub-national forest law: No
Turkey: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| 18897 | 11 | 13972 | 11 | 15957 | 12 |
Turkey: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 653525 | 432172 | 27974 | 434 | 0 | 432607 | 27974
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Turkey: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Turkey: Environment
| Environment - current issues | water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification | | Natural hazards | very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van |
Turkey: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 30.93%
permanent crops: 3.31%
other: 65.76% (2001) | | Natural resources | coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower |
Turkey: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2004 still accounted for more than 34% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. The economy is turning around with the implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 GDP growth reached 9%. Inflation fell to 7.7% in 2005 - a 30-year low. Despite these strong economic gains in 2002-05, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current account deficit and high debt. The public sector fiscal deficit exceeds 6% of GDP - due in large part to high interest payments, which accounted for about 37% of central government spending in 2004. Prior to 2005, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey averaged less than $1 billion annually, but further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost FDI. Privatization sales are currently approaching $21 billion. | | GDP - per capita | $7,900 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 5.1% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 11.7%, industry: 29.8%, services: 58.5% (2005 est.) | | Industries | textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper | | Economic aid - recipient | ODA, $635.8 million (2002) | | Debt - external | $161.8 billion (30 June 2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 20% (2002) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 35.9%, industry 22.8%, services 41.2% (3rd quarter, 2004) |
Turkey: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 69,660,559 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.09% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 90.4 | | Percent rural (2003) | 33.7% | | Median age (years) | total: 27.7 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.94 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated) |
Largest Cities in Turkey
Cities and urban areas in Turkey with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Istanbul | Turkey | 9216400 | 9640500 |
| Ankara | Turkey | 3329400 | 3436400 |
| Izmir | Turkey | 2322500 | 2378700 |
| Bursa | Turkey | 1190000 | 1190000 |
| Adana | Turkey | 1162000 | 1162000 |
| Gaziantep | Turkey | 795300 | 795300 |
| Konya | Turkey | 695500 | 695500 |
| Antalya | Turkey | 571300 | 571300 |
| Diyarbakir | Turkey | 570900 | 570900 |
| Mersin | Turkey | 559400 | 559400 |
| Kayseri | Turkey | 555900 | 555900 |
| Eskisehir | Turkey | 507100 | 507100 |
| Urfa | Turkey | 458300 | 458300 |
| Malatya | Turkey | 446600 | 446600 |
| Samsun | Turkey | 377500 | 377500 |
| Kahramanmaras | Turkey | 338700 | 338700 |
| Erzurum | Turkey | 333300 | 333300 |
| Elazig | Turkey | 279500 | 279500 |
| Denizli | Turkey | 260700 | 260700 |
| Sivas | Turkey | 259200 | 259200 |
| Van | Turkey | 253200 | 253200 |
| Batman | Turkey | 237300 | 237300 |
| Adiyaman | Turkey | 237100 | 237100 |
| Kirrikkale | Turkey | 227000 | 227000 |
| Manisa | Turkey | 224600 | 224600 |
| Izmit | Turkey | 221100 | 221100 |
| Tarsus | Turkey | 212200 | 212200 |
| Balikesir | Turkey | 212000 | 212000 |
| Adapazari | Turkey | 204500 | 204500 |
| Trabzon | Turkey | 203700 | 203700 |
| Kutahya | Turkey | 181100 | 181100 |
| Iskenderun | Turkey | 180400 | 180400 |
| Osmaniye | Turkey | 179500 | 179500 |
| Corum | Turkey | 164100 | 164100 |
| Antakya | Turkey | 155100 | 155100 |
| Isparta | Turkey | 149800 | 149800 |
| Aydin | Turkey | 149200 | 149200 |
| Usak | Turkey | 138700 | 138700 |
| Corlu | Turkey | 137500 | 137500 |
| Ordu | Turkey | 131300 | 131300 |
| Alanya | Turkey | 130900 | 130900 |
| Edirne | Turkey | 128400 | 128400 |
| Afyonkarahisar | Turkey | 126600 | 126600 |
| Kiziltepe | Turkey | 125000 | 125000 |
| Siirt | Turkey | 119500 | 119500 |
| Viransehir | Turkey | 118700 | 118700 |
| Zonguldak | Turkey | 118500 | 118500 |
| Karaman | Turkey | 116200 | 116200 |
| Karab�k | Turkey | 115800 | 115800 |
| Erzincan | Turkey | 114100 | 114100 |
| Bismil | Turkey | 113100 | 113100 |
| Aksaray | Turkey | 112900 | 112900 |
| Tekirdag | Turkey | 112200 | 112200 |
| Nazilli | Turkey | 111500 | 111500 |
| Tokat | Turkey | 111000 | 111000 |
| Kars | Turkey | 103800 | 103800 |
| Ceyhan | Turkey | 101600 | 101600 |
| Inegol | Turkey | 101000 | 101000 |
| Bandirma | Turkey | 100700 | 100700 |
Turkey: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 18,916,700 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 27,887,500 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 354,421 km
paved: 147,404 km (including 1,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 207,017 km (2002) |
Turkey: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 72.36 years
male: 69.94 years
female: 74.91 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 41.04 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.) |
Turkey
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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