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Armenia
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
9.3% or about 262,000 ha of Armenia is forested, according to FAO. Of this 5.0% ( 13,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Armenia had 21,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Armenia lost an average of 4,250 ha or 1.22% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Armenia lost 24.5% of its forest cover, or around 85,000 ha.
Armenia's forests contain 13 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Armenia has some 440 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 0.9% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 5.9% are threatened. Armenia is home to at least 3553 species of vascular plants. 10.1% of Armenia is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Armenia
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Armenia: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 2820 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 262 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 9 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 13 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 5 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 45 |
| Percent other wooded land | 2 |
Armenia: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 13 | 5 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 228 | 87 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 21 | 8 |
Armenia: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 347 | 304 | 283 | 262 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -4 | -4 | -4 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.31 | -1.42 | -1.53 | |
Armenia: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 333.00 | 293.00 | 273.00 | 241.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -4 | -4.00 | -5.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.2 | -1.20 | -1.77
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Armenia: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 17 | 15 | 14 | 13 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.24 | -1.37 | -1.47 | |
Armenia: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 14 | 11 | 10 | 21 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | 2 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -2.38 | -1.89 | 16.00 | |
Armenia: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 24 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
Armenia: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Armenia: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 33 | 126 | - | - | - |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 1 | 18 | | | |
Armenia: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 17 | 15 | 14 | 13 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 48 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Armenia: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| n.s. | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 46 | 8 | - | - | 54 | 19 |
Armenia: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 9 | 8 | 11 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 79 | 66 | 76 | 100 |
Armenia: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
Armenia: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 3 | 2 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 5 | 2 | 2 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | 1 | n.s. |
Armenia: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2005)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (-) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (2005)
Sub-national forest law: No
Armenia: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Armenia: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 1389 | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Armenia: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Armenia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants | | Natural hazards | occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts |
Armenia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 17.55%
permanent crops: 2.3%
other: 80.15% (2001) | | Natural resources | small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina |
Armenia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (copper, gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates in 1995-2005. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. Armenia also has managed to slash inflation, stabilize the local currency (the dram), and privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. Armenia's unemployment rate, however, remains high, despite strong economic growth. The chronic energy shortages Armenia suffered in the early and mid-1990s have been offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor. Armenia is now a net energy exporter, although it does not have sufficient generating capacity to replace Metsamor, which is under international pressure to close. The electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002. Armenia's severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, remittances from Armenians working abroad, and foreign direct investment. Economic ties with Russia remain close, especially in the energy sector. The government made some improvements in tax and customs administration in 2005, but anti-corruption measures will be more difficult to implement. Investment in the construction and industrial sectors is expected to continue in 2006 and will help to ensure annual average real GDP growth of about 7.5%. | | GDP - per capita | $5,100 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 8% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 24.9%, industry: 34.6%, services: 40.5% (2004 est.) | | Industries | diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy | | Economic aid - recipient | ODA $170 million (2000) | | Debt - external | $1.868 billion (31 December 2004) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 43% (2003 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 45%, industry 25%, services 30% (2002 est.) |
Armenia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 2,982,904 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | -0.25% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 105.0 | | Percent rural (2003) | 35.6% | | Median age (years) | total: 30.07 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.32 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001 census) |
Largest Cities in Armenia
Cities and urban areas in Armenia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Yerevan | Armenia | 1258000 | 1444500 |
| Vanadzor | Armenia | 147500 | 147500 |
| Gyumri | Armenia | 125000 | 125000 |
Armenia: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 562,600 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 114,400 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 7,633 km
paved: 7,633 km (includes 1,561 km of expressways) (2003) |
Armenia: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 71.55 years
male: 67.97 years
female: 75.75 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 23.28 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.1% (2003 est.) |
Armenia
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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