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Canada: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 909351 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 310134 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 34 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 165448 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 53 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 91951 |
| Percent other wooded land | 10 |
Canada: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 165448 | 53 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 135723 | 44 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 8963 | 3 |
Canada: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 310134 | 310134 | 310134 | 310134 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Canada: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 308777 | 304314 | 302086 | 301171 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -446 | -446 | -314 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.1 | -0.14 | -0.1
| |
Canada: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 165448 | 165448 | 165448 | 165448 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Canada: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 1357 | 5820 | 8048 | 8963 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 446 | 446 | 183 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 15.67 | 6.70 | 2.18 | |
Canada: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 7 |
Canada: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 92 | 8 | n.s. |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| 84 | 16 | 0 |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Canada: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 32983 | 106 | 25336 | 7647 | - |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Canada: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 14284 | 14317 | 14021 | 13908 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 45 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 3 | -59 | -23 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Canada: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| 1230 | 100 |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| 17273 | - | - | - | - | - |
Canada: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 188753 | 212012 | 214057 | - |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 7112 | 3292 | 3251 | - |
Canada: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 13425 | - | 264 | - | - |
Canada: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 73 | 87 | 70 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
Canada: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2008)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: No (-) -
National forest law (year): No national forest law (-)
Sub-national forest law: Yes
Canada: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Canada: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| 1264886 | - | - | - | - | - | -
|
Canada: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Canada: Environment
| Environment - current issues | air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation | | Natural hazards | continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains |
Canada: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 4.96%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 95.02% (2001) | | Natural resources | iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower |
Canada: Economy
| Economy - overview: | As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, in the trillion dollar class, Canada closely resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Solid fiscal management has produced a balanced budget, although public debate continues over how to manage the rising cost of the publicly funded healthcare system. Exports account for roughly a third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the United States, which absorbs more than 85% of Canadian exports. | | GDP - per capita | $32,800 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 2.8% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 2.2%, industry: 29.1%, services: 68.7% (2005 est.) | | Industries | transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish products, petroleum and natural gas | | Population below poverty line (%) | 15.9% (2003) | | Debt - external | $600.7 billion (30 June 2005) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 2%, manufacturing 14%, construction 5%, services 75%, other 3% (2004) |
Canada: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 32,805,041 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 0.90% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 3.6 | | Percent rural (2003) | 19.6% | | Median age (years) | total: 38.54 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.61 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26% |
Largest Cities in Canada
Cities and urban areas in Canada with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Toronto | Canada | 2571400 | 5462100 |
| Montreal | Canada | 1038600 | 3523400 |
| Calgary | Canada | 864500 | 870300 |
| Edmonton | Canada | 693700 | 913600 |
| Winnipeg | Canada | 635100 | 706700 |
| Mississauga | Canada | 586800 | 586800 |
| Vancouver | Canada | 534000 | 1940100 |
| London | Canada | 350900 | 350900 |
| Ottawa | Canada | 348500 | 1070300 |
| Hamilton | Canada | 347500 | 347500 |
| Laval | Canada | 337600 | 337600 |
| Surrey | Canada | 316300 | 316300 |
| Brampton | Canada | 289200 | 289200 |
| Windsor | Canada | 213100 | 213100 |
| Saskatoon | Canada | 196100 | 196100 |
| Burnaby | Canada | 194700 | 194700 |
| Kitchener | Canada | 192300 | 192300 |
| Markham | Canada | 186900 | 186900 |
| Regina | Canada | 182700 | 182700 |
| Quebec | Canada | 170900 | 711700 |
| Richmond | Canada | 154700 | 154700 |
| Burlington | Canada | 147700 | 147700 |
| Oshawa | Canada | 144800 | 144800 |
| Vaughan | Canada | 142900 | 142900 |
| Saint Catharines | Canada | 141100 | 141100 |
| Oakville | Canada | 138400 | 138400 |
| Longueuil | Canada | 130800 | 130800 |
| Nepean | Canada | 124100 | 124100 |
| Thunder Bay | Canada | 122500 | 122500 |
| Cape Breton | Canada | 118000 | 118000 |
| Halifax | Canada | 117100 | 117100 |
| Gloucester | Canada | 112100 | 112100 |
| Richmond Hill | Canada | 109700 | 109700 |
| Cambridge | Canada | 109300 | 109300 |
| Abbotsford | Canada | 107400 | 107400 |
| Coquitlam | Canada | 105800 | 105800 |
| Saanich | Canada | 105300 | 105300 |
| Guelph | Canada | 103300 | 103300 |
| Gatineau | Canada | 102900 | 102900 |
Canada: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 19,950,900 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 13,221,800 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 1,408,800 km
paved: 493,080 km (including 16,906 km of expressways)
unpaved: 915,720 km (2002) |
Canada: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 80.1 years
male: 76.73 years
female: 83.63 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.3% (2003 est.) |
Canada
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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