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Ethiopia
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
11.2% or about 12,296,000 ha of Ethiopia is forested, according to FAO. Ethiopia had 511,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Ethiopia lost an average of 140,900 ha or 0.93% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Ethiopia lost 18.6% of its forest cover, or around 2,818,000 ha.
Ethiopia's forests contain 219 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Ethiopia has some 1408 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 7.0% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 4.6% are threatened. Ethiopia is home to at least 6603 species of vascular plants, of which 15.1% are endemic. 4.9% of Ethiopia is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 22 | 13 | 10 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 794 | 536 | 421 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 242 | 161 | 126 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 1,037 | 698 | 547 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 48 | 53 | 57 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Ethiopia Environmental profile
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Ethiopia
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Ethiopia: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 109631 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 12296 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 11 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 0 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 0 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 44650 |
| Percent other wooded land | 41 |
Ethiopia: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 0 | 0 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 11785 | 96 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 511 | 4 |
Ethiopia: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 15114 | 13705 | 13000 | 12296 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -141 | -141 | -141 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -0.97 | -1.05 | -1.11 | |
Ethiopia: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 14623.00 | 13214.00 | 12509.00 | 11785.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -141 | -141.00 | -143.00 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -1.0 | -0.96 | -1.08
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Ethiopia: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| - | - | - | |
Ethiopia: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 491 | 491 | 491 | 511 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 4 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 0 | 0 | 0.80 | |
Ethiopia: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 0 | 0 |
Ethiopia: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ethiopia: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 264 | 21 | - | - | 25 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| 103 | 2 | | | |
Ethiopia: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 289 | 254 | 236 | 219 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 18 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| -4 | -4 | -3 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Ethiopia: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| - | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Ethiopia: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 2812 | 3368 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| - | 100376 | 108548 | 100 |
Ethiopia: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Ethiopia: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | - |
Ethiopia: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2007)
Sub-national forest policy: Yes
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (2008) In formulation
National forest law (year): No national forest law (-)
Sub-national forest law: No
Ethiopia: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | 675 | - |
Ethiopia: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | -
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Ethiopia: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Ethiopia: Environment
| Environment - current issues | deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor management | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea | | Natural hazards | geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts |
Ethiopia: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 10.71%
permanent crops: 0.75%
other: 88.54% (2001) | | Natural resources | small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower |
Ethiopia: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture, accounting for half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total employment. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation practices. Coffee is critical to the Ethiopian economy with exports of some $156 million in 2002, but historically low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to supplement income. The war with Eritrea in 1998-2000 and recurrent drought have buffeted the economy, in particular coffee production. In November 2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Under Ethiopia's land tenure system, the government owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to a 2% decline in GDP in 2003. Normal weather patterns late in 2003 helped agricultural and GDP growth recover in 2004-05. | | GDP - per capita | $800 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 6.5% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, sugarcane, potatoes, qat; hides, cattle, sheep, goats | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 40.1%, industry: 12.7%, services: 47.2% (2005 est.) | | Industries | food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement | | Economic aid - recipient | $308 million (FY00/01) | | Debt - external | $2.9 billion (2001 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 50% (2004 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, industry and construction 8%, government and services 12% (1985) |
Ethiopia: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 73,053,286 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 2.36% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 65.2 | | Percent rural (2003) | 84.4% | | Median age (years) | total: 17.75 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 5.33 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% |
Largest Cities in Ethiopia
Cities and urban areas in Ethiopia with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | 2638500 | 2638500 |
| Dire Dawa | Ethiopia | 208700 | 208700 |
| Nazret | Ethiopia | 161800 | 161800 |
| Gondar | Ethiopia | 142100 | 142100 |
| Dese | Ethiopia | 123200 | 123200 |
| Mek'ele | Ethiopia | 122700 | 122700 |
| Bahir Dar | Ethiopia | 121700 | 121700 |
| Jimma | Ethiopia | 112500 | 112500 |
Ethiopia: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 435,000 (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 97,800 (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 33,856 km
paved: 4,367 km
unpaved: 29,489 km (2003) |
Ethiopia: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 48.83 years
male: 47.67 years
female: 50.03 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 95.32 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 4.4% (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and hepatitis E
vectorborne diseases: malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004) |
Ethiopia
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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