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Vietnam
Forest Information and Data
According to the U.N. FAO,
44.5% or about 13,797,000 ha of Viet Nam is forested, according to FAO. Of this 0.6% ( 80,000 ) is classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and carbon-dense form of forest. Viet Nam has 3,512,000 ha of planted forest.
Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2010, Viet Nam gained an average of 221,700 ha or 2.37% per year. In total, between 1990 and 2010, Viet Nam gained 47.4% of its forest cover, or around 4,434,000 ha.
Viet Nam's forests contain 992 million metric tons of carbon in living forest biomass.
Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Viet Nam has some 1534 known species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 8.2% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 7.9% are threatened. Viet Nam is home to at least 10500 species of vascular plants, of which 12.0% are endemic. 3.4% of Viet Nam is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
2011 Update
In May 2011, Sassan Saatchi of Caltech's Jet Propulsion Lab and colleagues published a paper in PNAS with new carbon stock estimates for global tropical forests.
| Forest definition (canopy cover %) | 10% tree cover | 25% tree cover | 30% tree cover | | Forest Area (M ha) | 21 | 14 | 13 | | Aboveground forest carbon (Mt C) | 1,854 | 1,388 | 1,300 | | Belowground forest carbon (Mt C) | 513 | 379 | 354 | | Total forest carbon (Mt C) | 2,366 | 1,766 | 1,654 | | Average Carbon Density (t C/ha) | 113 | 127 | 130 |
M=million, t=metric tons; all figures are mean carbon stock values
Vietnam Environmental profile
The following contains data relating to forest cover in Vietnam
Previous version of this profile (2009)
SECTIONS:
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Viet Nam: Forest Cover, 2010
| Total Land Area (1000 ha) | 31008 |
| Total Forest Area (1000 ha) | 13797 |
| Percent Forest Cover | 44 |
| Primary Forest Cover (1000 ha) | 80 |
| Primary Forest, % total forest | 1 |
| Other wooded land (1000 ha) | 1124 |
| Percent other wooded land | 4 |
Viet Nam: Breakdown of forest types, 2010
| Primary forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 80 | 1 |
| Other naturally regenerated forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 10205 | 74 |
| Planted Forest (1000 ha | % of forest area) | 3512 | 25 |
Viet Nam: Trends in Total (Net) Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| TOTAL FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 9363 | 11725 | 13077 | 13797 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 236 | 270 | 144 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 2.28 | 2.21 | 1.08 | |
Viet Nam: Trends in Natural Forest Cover (Deforestation), 1990-2010
| FOREST COVER (excluding planted forests) (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 8396 | 9675 | 10283 | 10285 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 128 | 128 | 61 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 1.5 | 1.52 | 0.63
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Viet Nam: Trends in Primary or Old Growth Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PRIMARY FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 384 | 187 | 85 | 80 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -20 | -20 | -1 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| -6.94 | -14.59 | -1.21 | |
Viet Nam: Trends in Planted Forest Cover, 1990-2010
| PLANTED FOREST COVER (1000 ha) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 967 | 2050 | 2794 | 3512 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (1000 ha)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 108 | 149 | 144 | |
ANNUAL CHANGE RATE (percent)
Negative number represents deforestation |
| 1990-2000 | 2000-2005 | 2005-2010 |
| 7.80 | 6.39 | 4.68 | |
Viet Nam: Primary designated function (percent)
| Production | Protection of soil and water | Conservation of biodiversity | Social services | Multiple use | Other | None or unknown |
| 47 | 37 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Viet Nam: Forest ownership and management rights 2005 (percent)
| OWNERSHIP PATTERN |
| Public ownership | Private ownership | Other |
| 72 | 24 | 4 |
| PRIVATE OWNERSHIP |
| Individuals | Business entities and institutions | Local, indigenous and tribal communities |
| - | - | - |
| HOLDER OF MANAGEMENT RIGHTS OF PUBLIC FORESTS |
| Public administration | Individuals | Business
entities and Institutions | Communities | Other |
| - | - | - | - | - |
Viet Nam: Growing stock in forest
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
Total
(million m3) | Per hectare
(m3) | Coniferous
(million m3) | Broadleaved
(million m3) | % commercial species |
| 870 | 63 | 22 | 848 | 32 |
| GROWING STOCK IN FOREST |
| Total (million m3) | Per hectare (m3) | Coniferous (million m3) | Broadleaved (million m3) | % commercial species |
| - | - | | | |
Viet Nam: Trends in carbon stock in living forest biomass 1990-2010
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(million metric tons) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 778 | 927 | 960 | 992 |
CARBON STOCK IN LIVING FOREST BIOMASS
(per hectare in tons) |
| | | 2000 |
| | | 72 |
ANNUAL CHANGE
(1 000 t/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| 15 | 7 | 6 |
ANNUAL CHANGE PER HECTARE
(t/ha/yr) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 |
| n.s. | -1.1 | n.s. |
Viet Nam: Area of forest affected by fire and other disturbances 2005
| FOREST FIRE |
| 1000 ha | % wild fire (not managed burn) |
| - | - |
| EXCLUDING FOREST FIRE |
| Insects | Diseases | Other biotic agents | Abiotic factors | Total (excluding fire) | % of 2005 forest area |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Viet Nam: Trends in removals of wood products 1990-2005
INDUSTRIAL ROUNDWOOD
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 3446 | 2376 | 2703 | 100 |
WOODFUEL
Total volume (1 000 m3 over bark) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | percent of which from forest 2005 |
| 26534 | 26685 | 26240 | 100 |
Viet Nam: Value of wood and NWFP removals 2005
Value of removals
(million US$) | Value per ha forest
(US$) |
| Industrial roundwood | Woodfuel | NWFP | Total | |
| 473 | 116 | n.s. | 589 | n.s. |
Viet Nam: Employment in forestry 1990-2005
TOTAL
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 246 |
IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF GOODS-FORESTRY
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| 80 | 198 | 239 |
IN MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS-CONSERVATION
(1000 full-time employees) |
| 1990 | 2000 | 2005 |
| - | - | 7 |
Viet Nam: Forest policy and legal framework 2008
National forest policy (year): Yes (2003)
Sub-national forest policy: No
National forest program (year) - status: Yes (1987) In implementation
National forest law (year): Specific forest law (1992)
Sub-national forest law: No
Viet Nam: Human resources within public forest institutions 2000-2008
| 2000 | 2005 | 2008 |
| # | % female | # | % female | # | % female |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Viet Nam: Forest revenue and public expenditure on forestry 2005
| Forest revenue | Public expenditure (1000 US$) |
| Domestic funding | External funding | Total |
| (1000 US$) | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments | Operational expenditure | Transfer payments |
| - | 28690 | 154046 | 0 | 41428 | 28690 | 195474
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Viet Nam: Status of ratification of international conventions and agreements as of 1 January 2010
CbD:
UNFCCC:
Kyoto Protocol:
UNCCD:
ITTA:
CITeS:
Ramsar:
World Heritage Convention:
NlbI:
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Vietnam: Environment
| Environment - current issues | logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City | | Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | | Natural hazards | occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta |
Vietnam: Land use / Resources
| Land use (%) | arable land: 19.97%
permanent crops: 5.95%
other: 74.08% (2001) | | Natural resources | phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower |
Vietnam: Economy
| Economy - overview: | Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress towards a market-oriented economy. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then rose to 7% in 2000-05 even against the background of global recession. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. However, equitization of state-owned enterprises and reduction in the proportion of non-performing loans has fallen behind schedule. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in 2003. Vietnam became a member of the WTO in 2005. Among other benefits, accession allows Vietnam to take advantage of the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO partners on 1 January 2005. Vietnam is working to promote job creation to keep up with the country's high population growth rate. However, high levels of inflation have prompted Vietnamese authorities to tighten monetary and fiscal policies. | | GDP - per capita | $3,000 (2005 est.) | | GDP - real growth rate (%) | 7.6% (2005 est.) | | Agriculture - products | paddy rice, coffee, fish and seafood, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas, poultry | | GDP - composition by sector (%) | agriculture: 21%, industry: 40.9%, services: 38.1% (2005 est.) | | Industries | food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper | | Economic aid - recipient | $2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 (2004) | | Debt - external | $19.17 billion (2005 est.) | | Population below poverty line (%) | 28.9% (2002 est.) | | Labor force - by occupation (%) | agriculture 63%, industry and services 37% (2000 est.) |
Vietnam: Population / Demographics
| Population (July 2005) | 83,535,576 | | Population growth rate (%) (2005) | 1.04% | | Population density (people/sq km) (2005) | 256.7 | | Median age (years) | total: 25.51 years | | Total fertility rate (children born/woman) | 1.94 (2005 est.) | | Ethnic groups (%) | Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome 1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census) |
Largest Cities in Vietnam
Cities and urban areas in Vietnam with population over 100,000 All figures are estimates for 2002.
| City | Country | City Population | Urban Area Population |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) | Vietnam | 3378500 | 5728900 |
| Hanoi | Vietnam | 1372800 | 2503000 |
| Haiphong | Vietnam | 572100 | 1792400 |
| Danang | Vietnam | 446000 | 446000 |
| Bien Hoa | Vietnam | 365500 | 365500 |
| Hue | Vietnam | 266800 | 266800 |
| Nha Trang | Vietnam | 265300 | 265300 |
| Can Tho | Vietnam | 248300 | 248300 |
| Qui Nhon | Vietnam | 196200 | 196200 |
| Rach Gia | Vietnam | 194900 | 194900 |
| Nam Dinh | Vietnam | 188800 | 188800 |
| Vung Tau | Vietnam | 184100 | 184100 |
| Long Xuyen | Vietnam | 153000 | 153000 |
| Hong Gai | Vietnam | 142800 | 142800 |
| Phan Thiet | Vietnam | 141500 | 141500 |
| Cam Ranh | Vietnam | 141200 | 141200 |
| Cam Pha | Vietnam | 139700 | 139700 |
| Buon Me Thuot | Vietnam | 133400 | 133400 |
| Thai Nguyen | Vietnam | 131900 | 131900 |
| Da Lat | Vietnam | 125000 | 125000 |
Vietnam: Infrastructure
| Telephones - main lines in use | 4.402 million (2003) | | Telephones - mobile cellular | 2.742 million (2003) | | Roadways (km) | total: 93,300 km
paved: 23,418 km
unpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.) |
Vietnam: Health
| Life expectancy at birth (years) | total population: 70.61 years
male: 67.82 years
female: 73.6 years (2005 est.) | | Infant mortality rate | 25.95 deaths/1,000 live births | | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) | 0.4% (2003 est.) | | Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis
note: at present, H5N1 avian influenza poses a minimal risk; during outbreaks among birds, rare cases could occur among US personnel who have close contact with infected birds or poultry (2005) |
Vietnam
: References & Data Sources
 Environment, Land use / Resources, Economy, Population / Demographics, Infrastructure, Health -- CIA World Factbook, 2005
Forest Cover, Forest types, Breakdown of forest types, Change in Forest Cover, Primary forests, Forest designation, Disturbances affecting forest land, Value of forests, Production, trade and consumption of forest products -- The FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS's Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005 & 2010) and the State of the World's Forests (2009, 2007, 2005, 2003, 2001)
Protected Areas, Plant and animal biodiversity -- United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). 2004. World Database on Protected Areas.
Biosphere reservers -- United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and Biosphere Program. 2004. UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
RAMSAR sites -- The Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands . 2005. The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
World Resources Institute's EarthTrends web site
The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Population Data -- United Nations Population Fund
With additional analysis by Rhett Butler of mongabay.com
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